浙江省畜禽养殖污染减排对策研究

浙江省畜禽养殖总体数量大、规模小、布局分散,严重影响浙江省水环境质量和农村生态环境质量。本报告以浙江省水环境质量状况、畜禽养殖业调查资料、现状实测数据为研究依据,通过剖析污染结构特征和空间特征,得出浙江省畜禽养殖污染的特点、存在问题及污染物总量减排存在的主要困难。根据各类污染产生机理和排污特征,参考点源污染物排放总量控制的传统思路,探索畜禽养殖污染减排的途径与管理政策集成,推广来端治理与源头控制相结会的生态减排理念．     

Effect of central ventilation and air conditioner system on the concentration and health risk from airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Central ventilation and air conditioner systems are widely utilized nowadays in public places for air exchange and temperature control,which significantly influences the transfer of pollutants between indoors and outdoors.To study the effect of central ventilation and air conditioner systems on the concentration and health risk from airborne pollutants,a spatial and temporal survey was carried out using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as agent pollutants.During the period when the central ventilation system operated without air conditioning (AC-off period),concentrations of 2-4 ring PAHs in the model supermarket were dominated by outdoor levels,due to the good linearity between indoor air and outdoor air (rp>0.769,p<0.05),and the slopes (1.2-4.54) indicated that ventilating like the model supermarket increased the potential health risks from low molecular weight PAHs.During the period when the central ventilation and air conditioner systems were working simultaneously (AC-on period),although the total levels of PAHs were increased,the concentrations and percentage of the particulate PAHs indoors declined significantly.The BaP equivalency (BaPeq) concentration indicated that utilization of air conditioning reduced the health risks from PAHs in the model supermarket.     

Influence of fuel moisture, charge size, feeding rate and air ventilation conditions on the emissions of PM, OC, EC, parent PAHs, and their derivatives from residential wood combustion

Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.     

人工渗滤系统对海水养殖废水中氮素的去除

人工渗滤系统以其建设费用低、管理运行方便、脱氮效果好等优势受到人们的普遍关注。该实验以海水养殖废水为处理对象,对人工渗滤系统的运行条件和氮素去除情况进行了研究。结果表明,水力负荷、水力运行周期和保水段高度对氮素的去除均有影响但影响各不相同。当水力负荷为20 cm³/(cm3/(cm²·d),运行周期为6 h/6 h时,总氮和氨氮的去除率较高,分别达到54.88%和89.69%,而硝态氮和亚硝态氮浓度保持稳定。提高保水段高度后,厌氧段得到扩充,在此条件下,氨氮的去除率基本保持不变,而总氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮去除率明显升高。     

美人蕉生态护坡对径流污染净化作用的初步研究

2010-04-10月,研究了合肥市南淝河美人蕉生态护坡对河道的水质改善作用。试验用水取自南淝河,TSS、TN、NH4+-N、TP和COD的平均浓度分别是94.1,5.42,2.98,0.202和55.5 mg/L,河水经流生态护坡后,相应的平均去除率分别为:76.4%,45.6%,57.5%,40.1%和29.0%。另外,考察了植物对土壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量的影响,美人蕉护坡微生物的数量显著多于无植物坡岸(p<0.01),微生物总数分别为:3.17×107和0.830×107cfu/g。由此,植物护坡兼具净化和生态景观效应。     

我国化肥施用量持续增长的原因分解及趋势预测

我国化肥大量使用在提高农业生产的同时也对环境产生了严重的负面影响。目前国内外学术界对我国化肥施用量持续增长的原因以及未来我国化肥使用的发展趋势还存在较大争议。论文利用过去20 a 间我国化肥施用量的相关数据, 对化肥施用量持续增长的成因进行了分解。研究结果表明:化肥使用强度的增长是我国化肥施用总量增长的主因, 但从2007 年以来, 使用强度的贡献不断下降, 播种面积调整的贡献有所提高。根据分解结果并利用“中国农业可持续发展决策支持系统”(CHINAGRO) 预测了2020 年全国和各省化肥使用量情况。模型分析结果表明如果不采取措施, 我国未来化肥的使用总量和单位播种面积化肥施用量将依然呈现增长趋势, 且单位面积化肥用量将长期高于225 kg/hm²的国际上限标准。预计到2020年我国化肥总施用量和单位播种面积化肥施用量比2010 年分别提高2%和4.3%。东部地区单位播种面积化肥施用量较高, 2020 年广东、福建、天津、北京等省(市) 化肥单位面积施用量将接近或超过600 kg/hm², 这将对当地环境造成巨大压力。     

确定大气环境承载力的烟云足迹法

本文讨论了大气承载力的定义,同时也给出了计算大气承载力的烟云足迹法的原理和计算公式,此外还给出了根据区域气象条件计算烟云足迹函数的具体算式和大气环境承载力的计算实例,烟云足迹分析法可为区域间的排污权交易提供技术基础.     

微波消解ICP—OES法同时测定总悬浮颗粒物中多种重金属

采用微波消解前处理与电感耦合等离子光谱联用技术,初步建立了一套大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）中重金属元素的检测方法。研究了不同的滤膜材料、消解方式、波长选择等对分析方法的影响。用所建立的方法测定长沙市火车站采集的大气总悬浮颗粒物中的重金属As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量,检测结果令人满意。最低检出浓度为0．0001～0．005μg／m2,相对标准偏差为0．9％～11．4％,加标回收率为90．9％～106．7％。     

东湖总有机碳时空分布及其影响因素

于2011年4月至2012年3月每个月调查了东湖总有机碳(TOC)的时空分布,并对TOC和主要环境因子进行相关性分析。结果表明,东湖TOC的浓度范围为0.493~9.962 mg/L,年平均值为2.671 mg/L,夏季(6-8月)、秋季(9-11月)、春季(3-5月)、冬季(12-2月)TOC浓度呈现由大变小的趋势。东湖5个湖区TOC值在空间上存在差异,庙湖和水果湖TOC浓度较高,汤菱湖TOC浓度适中,菱角湖和郭郑湖呈现季节性高浓度的TOC值。相关分析表明,TOC与总磷、溶解氧、电导率显著负相关,与叶绿素a负相关但不显著,与温度显著正相关,与pH相关性不显著。研究发现,东湖TOC主要来源有污水、含油废水的排放,降雨带来地表径流以及生物活动,而TOC浓度的时空分布与降雨、污水排放、施工、旅游活动、生物活动等因素有关。     

2008～2012年洱海总磷、总氮变化分析

根据大理州环境监测站2008～2012年洱海总磷、总氮监测结果的统计和分析,得出洱海总磷、总氮的变化周期、变化幅度和总磷不再是洱海达到水功能类别限制因子的结论。