上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物网格化监测

目的深入研究大气网格化监测的实际应用。方法利用2017—2018年上海市嘉定区大气网格化监测数据,对嘉定区颗粒物浓度变化趋势进行分析,同时结合颗粒物激光雷达扫描数据,对颗粒物污染过程进行解析。结果颗粒物污染浓度水平较高的区域主要集中在嘉定北部地区。2017年PM10和PM2.5浓度均表现出冬季>春季>夏季>秋季的趋势。在东北偏北风向条件下,发生区域传输污染时,污染较重区域集中在嘉定的东部和中部;在风速较小的静稳条件下,企业夜间排放的大量废气极易对周边区域空气质量产生影响,夜间到次日凌晨浓度值不断升高,次日凌晨5时45分的PM2.5的浓度值为前一日20时浓度值的3.1倍。结论大气网格化监测的实施及配套大气减排监管工作开展,使嘉定区环境质量改善明显。     

丽江市冬季大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）中水溶性离子化学特征

2008年12月～2009年1月在丽江市共采集25个TSP样品,目的是研究丽江市冬季TSP中水溶性离子的化学特征及它们的来源情况.结果表明,样品中主要水溶性离子的电荷浓度:Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+分别为16.00、14.95、49.40、3.12、44.75、8.65、2...     

太原市PM10及其污染源中碳的同位素组成

通过采集太原市PM10及其主要源(煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘、土壤风沙尘)样品,结合离线分步加热氧化法和同位素质谱仪测定了颗粒物中有机碳(OC),元素碳(EC)和总碳(TC)的同位素组成, 并探讨了太原市PM10中碳的来源.结果表明,太原市冬季、春季PM10中OC、EC和TC的碳同位素组成分别是-34.7‰、-23.5‰、-23.9‰和-30.5‰、-23.1‰、-23.9‰; 煤烟尘中OC、EC和TC的碳同位素组成分别是-26.5‰、-23.2‰、-23.6‰,土壤风沙尘分别为-24.6‰、-14.1‰、-17.3‰,汽油车和柴油车尾气尘分别为-27.7‰、-25.5‰、-27.0‰和-25.7‰、-24.3‰、-24.8‰. EC和TC的同位素组成是区分土壤风沙尘较好的标识指标,TC的同位素组成是汽油车尾气尘较好的标识指标;利用二元复合计算公式结果显示土壤风沙尘中OC、EC占TC的百分含量分别为30%、70%;煤烟尘中OC、EC占TC的百分含量分别为11%、89%;汽油车尾气尘中OC、EC占TC的百分含量分别为78%、22%,柴油车尾气尘中OC、EC占TC的百分含量分别为36%、64%;太原市PM10中的TC和EC主要来源于煤烟尘,OC少部分来源于机动车尾气排放,另外还有其他的重要贡献源.     

Effects of land use, climate, topography and soil properties on regional soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents as well as their relationships with site characteristics are of profound importance in assessing current regional, continental and global soil C and N stocks and potentials for C sequestration and N conservation to offset anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This study investigated contents and distribution of SOC and TN under different land uses, and the quantitative relationships between SOC or TN and site characteristics in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China. Overall, both SOC and TN contents in natural secondary forests and grasslands were much higher than in plantations and croplands. Land use alone explained 37.2% and 38.4% of variations in SOC and TN contents, respectively. The optimal models for SOC and TN, achieved by multiple regression analysis combined with principal component analysis (PCA) to remove the multicollinearity among site variables, showed that elevation, slope, soil clay and water contents were the most significant factors controlling SOC and TN contents, jointly explaining 70.3% of SOC and 67.1% of TN contents variability. Only does additional 1.9% and 3% increase in the interpretations of SOC and TN contents variability respectively when land use was added to regressions, probably due to environment factors determine land use. Therefore, environmental variables were more important for SOC and TN variability than land use in the study area, and should be taken into consideration in properly evaluating effects of future land use changes on SOC and TN on a regional scale.     

Influence of different weather events on concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou, China

The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter (PM) including TSP, PM_>10, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dust, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows: (1) the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM_2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles (PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10). (2) The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. (3) The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.     

Impacts of continuously regenerating trap and particle oxidation catalyst on the NO2 and particulate matter emissions emitted from diesel engine

Two continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) with different configurations and one particles oxidation catalyst (POC) were employed to perform experiments in a controlled laboratory setting to evaluate their effects on NO₂, smoke and particle number emissions. The results showed that the application of the after-treatments increased the emission ratios of NO₂/NO_x significantly. The results of smoke emissions and particle number (PN) emissions indicated that both CRDPFs had sufficient capacity to remove more than 90% of total particulate matter (PM) and more than 97% of solid particles. However, the POC was able to remove the organic components of total PM, and only partially to remove the carbonaceous particles with size less than 30 nm. The negligible effects of POC on larger particles were observed due to its honeycomb structure leads to an inadequate residence time to oxidize the solid particles or trap them. The particles removal efficiencies of CRDPFs had high degree of correlations with the emission ratio of NO₂/NO_x. The PN emission results from two CRDPFs indicated that more NO₂ generating in diesel oxidation catalyst section could obtain the higher removal efficiency of solid particles. However this also increased the risk of NO₂ exposure in atmosphere.     

野鸭湖湿地土壤总磷分布特征及影响因素研究

以典型北方湿地———北京野鸭湖湿地为研究对象,于2009年5月至2010年3月在其核心区不同采样点进行为期一年的季节性采样。分析了土壤总磷的时空分布规律,并讨论了pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、含水率(W%)、有机质(OM)、粒径分布、粘土矿物组成这些土壤理化性质对总磷含量的影响。结果表明:5月份土壤TP的含量随着土壤深度的增加呈减小趋势;表层土壤总磷含量的季节性变化特征为:11月>3月>5月>9月,与土壤有机质含量的变化趋势一致,该特征同植物的生长周期密切相关。土壤颗粒粒径分布和土壤有机质是影响土壤总磷含量的主要因素,其与土壤总磷含量的相关系数分别为:粉粒(R=0.587,α=0.01)、砂粒(R=-0.580,α=0.05)、有机质(R=0.624,α=0.01)。     

穗花狐尾藻生长及酚类物质含量对光照强度的响应研究

沉水植物穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)能产生对水华蓝藻生长有抑制效应的酚类活性物质。为了揭示光照强度对穗花狐尾藻的生长及其体内酚类物质含量的影响,文章研究了不同光照强度下穗花狐尾藻的生物量及其顶端组织与茎中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、总酚的含量以及与酚类代谢相关酶——苯丙氨酸裂解酶(Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)的活性,结果表明:穗花狐尾藻生物量随着光照强度的减弱而显著降低;高光照强度和中等光照强度下,顶端组织中可溶性蛋白、总酚含量和PAL酶活都明显高于茎中各指标;茎中的总酚含量、PAL酶活性在低光照强度下显著高于高光照强度和中等光照强度下。     

双室悬浮载体低温工业废水脱氮处理研究

根据生物脱氮原理设计了一套一体化反应器并将其用于工业废水处理,研究双室悬浮载体对工业废水脱氮影响的同时分析了系统中微生物群落的结构组成。结果表明:在低温状态下,双室载体内生物种类较多,且主要以杆菌为主,钟虫和线虫等也较多。COD去除率总体较低但相对稳定,各反应器平均去除率均在65%以上。双室悬浮载体比普通悬浮载体的氨氮和总氮去除率高7%~10%。对处理前后废水进行GC-MS扫描后发现,双室悬浮载体可去除废水中的苯酚类同系物及甲苯并具有一定的脱硫能力。以Grau模型计算了进水底物浓度变化时的底物降解常数,利用双室悬浮载体,HRT为20 h时的底物降解常数最大(0.358)。因此,双室悬浮生物载体对工业废水低温脱氮来说是一种较好的微生物载体。     

基于QAA算法的巢湖悬浮物浓度反演研究

QAA(quasi-analytical algorithm)算法基于辐射传输原理,估算水体后向散射系数,是目前较为成熟的半分析模型方法.2009年6月对巢湖水体进行野外实测,在获得遥感反射率、吸收衰减系数、悬浮物浓度(cTSM)等数据的基础上,构建了巢湖水体cTSM的近红外双波段反演模型,并将QAA算法计算得到的后向散射概率作为输入,以期提高cTSM的反演精度.结果表明,①对巢湖水体而言,807 nm和834 nm是构建近红外双波段模型的最佳波段,807 nm处的单位散射系数为0.411 m2.g-1,834 nm处的单位散射系数为0.395 m2.g-1;②利用QAA算法计算得到的巢湖水体的后向散射概率为0.029,将该值输入反演模型后,cTSM的反演精度与输入其他经验值相比得到明显提高,反演值与实测值的均方根误差RMSE和平均相对误差绝对值MAPE分别达到12.143 mg.L-1和24.378%;③在cTSM较高的站点(近似高于30 mg.L-1),利用近红外双波段模型反演的悬浮物浓度结果更为稳定和可靠.