基于多源综合观测的徐州冬季重污染过程分析

经过多年的大气污染治理,我国的多种大气污染物浓度已呈现显著下降趋势,然而在不利气象条件下仍会导致重污染事件的发生.掌握此类影响较大的偶发重污染事件产生与发展的原因和机制,有助于进行下一步的大气污染预警和防控.本研究以徐州2020年12月中旬的 一次重污染过程为例,通过地面站点观测、激光雷达、模式模拟、颗粒物组分观测与源解析、后向轨迹溯源等手段进行了全方位的观测与分析.结果表明,此次污染过程中颗粒物主要来源为二次离子、燃煤、生物质燃烧、机动车、扬尘等,其中,二次离子占比最高,为37.9%;污染期硫氧化率（SOR）和氮氧化率（NOR）明显高于污染前,增幅分别为176%和82%;污染期主要来自燃煤源的SO₄^2-较污染前升高幅度明显,由5.51 μg·m^-3升高至16.3 μg·m^-3,升幅为196%;生物质燃烧的示踪物K⁺由0.37 μg·m^-3升高至0.83 μg·m^-3,升幅为123%;污染前期,局地高湿、静稳等主要 外在不利气象因素促进了本地污染物的生成;污染中期受山东和安徽等地污染物传输增加的影响,外来源占主导,外源贡献增加至74.4%. 研究表明,因气象和排放等因素的不确定性,致使冬季重污染过程具有复杂性.本研究可为了解大气污染机理及提高区域联防联控提供依据.     

长江感潮河段有机碳的潮汐和季节变化规律

以长江感潮河段─南通段为研究对象,于2019年逐月采集涨潮和落潮期间分层水体样品. 测定了颗粒有机碳（particulate organic carbon, POC）和溶解有机碳（dissolved organic carbon, DOC）浓度,并同步进行了不同营养盐添加的室内模拟实验,测定了生物可降解溶解有机碳（biodegradable DOC, BDOC）的浓度. 研究结果表明,底层POC浓度最高,中层POC浓度最低. POC浓度与潮高呈显著负相关,与水温没有显著相关性. 表层、中层和底层DOC浓度没有显著差异,DOC浓度均值为（7.55 ± 1.50） mg·L^-1. 涨潮和落潮DOC浓度没有显著差异,DOC浓度与水温呈显著正相关. BDOC在DOC中的占比为40.88% ± 13.91%,不同营养盐添加处理的BDOC在DOC中的占比没有显著差异. BDOC浓度和潮高呈显著正相关. 这些研究结果表明,与POC 不同, DOC和BDOC具有显著季节变化规律. 长江下游潮汐作用对有机碳的分布具有重要影响,涨潮对POC产生稀释作用,但促进了DOC生物可降解性的升高.     

产业转型升级与绿色全要素生产率提升的互动关系——基于中国116个地级资源型城市的实证研究

促进产业转型升级,提升绿色全要素生产率是推进我国资源型城市高质量发展的关键。但是,产业转型升级能否提升绿色全要素生产率在学术界一直存在争论。以2003— 2018年中国116个地级资源型城市为对象,分析了产业转型升级与绿色全要素生产率提升的演化特征和互动关系。结果表明：（1）56.9%的资源型城市产业转型升级并不理想,处于产业结构高级化和合理化不同步或双低的状态;有57.8%的资源型城市绿色全要素生产率实现了正增长,但仍有一些资源型城市绿色全要素生产率增长缓慢,主要是因为技术效率未得到有效改善。（2）PVAR模型和脉冲响应估计结果表明,资源型城市绿色全要素生产率提升的滞后期对其自身的影响存在负向作用。同时,资源型城市长期的传导路径为绿色全要素生产率提升受到反映产业结构合理化的泰尔指数的负向冲击后,对产业结构高级化产生持续性的积极作用,之后,产业结构高级化不断对自身产生正向冲击作用。（3）通过方差分解预测可知,未来绿色全要素生产率提升、产业结构高级化与合理化仍主要依赖自身发展路径。产业结构高级化对绿色全要素生产率提升的解释力高于产业结构合理化的解释力。随着期数的增加,产业结构高级化与绿色全要素生产率提升的相互解释力逐渐上升。     

Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species

Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.     

稻田种植对地表径流污染状况调查研究

以辽宁省营口市水稻种植区为研究区域,通过对监测地块实地调研、资料收集、监测分析,在稻田整个作物生长周期化肥、农药的施加等情况下开展氮、磷污染物对地表径流污染状况的调查研究.结果表明:化肥、农药的施加均会使受纳水体中总磷、总氮质量浓度升高,施肥后总氮质量浓度上升最显著,绿色种植在扣除总氮背景值后达到37.7 mg/L,有...     

Activities of Po and Pb in the water column at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia

Natural radionuclides, such as ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb were measured in the water samples collected from six stations at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Results for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in dissolved and particulate phases have showed the difference in distribution and chemical behavior. The fluctuation activities of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb depend on wave action, geology and degree of fresh water input occurring at study areas and probably due to different sampling dates. The distribution coefficient, K_d, values of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb ranged from 2.0 × 10³ l g⁻¹ to 265.15 × 10⁵ l g⁻¹, and from 3.0 × 10³ l g⁻¹ to 558.16 × 10⁵ l g⁻¹, respectively. High K_d values of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb indicated that a strong adsorption of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb onto suspended particles, and the sinking of both nuclides on the seabed at study locations were controlled by the characteristics of suspended particles.     

近期长江口南支河道洪季含沙量时间变化及床沙再悬浮研究

基于2011年洪季在南支河道从小潮至大潮连续8天现场定点观测所获得水沙观测数据(包括潮流、悬沙浓度、悬沙粒度和表层沉积物样品),通过对悬沙浓度、悬沙粒度和沉积物在不同时刻的组成分析,以及流速、悬沙和底床切应力的相互影响分析,对长江河口南支河道悬沙随时间变化特性和河床沙再悬浮作用进行了研究。结果表明:观测期间南支主槽下段落潮水动力强于涨潮;落潮悬沙浓度高于涨潮,并由小潮至大潮逐渐增加;落潮悬沙粒径粗于涨潮,并随小潮至大潮不断粗化;河床沉积物颗粒较粗,细砂类组成达到90%以上;流速、悬沙及底床切应力之间存在显著相关性;河床泥沙再悬浮强度较强,其量值有限。而近期研究区域悬沙浓度和水沙关系发生变化,与流域来沙出现锐减有关。     

成都市大气颗粒物工业和民用污染源的调查分析与对策

针对成都市大气中颗粒物污染现状,对烟(粉)尘排放的来源,烟(粉)尘排放的重点行业,烟(粉)尘排放的分布地区做了调查,并结合颗粒物污染的分布区域对照分析,提出了相应对策。     

Load Estimation Method Using Distributions with Covariates: A Comparison with Commonly Used Estimation Methods

Load estimates obtained using an approach based on statistical distributions with parameters expressed as a function of covariates (e.g., streamflow) (distribution with covariates hereafter called DC method) were compared to four load estimation methods: (1) flow‐weighted mean concentration; (2) integral regression; (3) segmented regression (the last two with Ferguson's correction factor); and (4) hydrograph separation methods. A total of 25 datasets (from 19 stations) of daily concentrations of total dissolved solids, nutrients, or suspended particulate matter were used. The selected stations represented a wide range of hydrological conditions. Annual flux errors were determined by randomly generating 50 monthly sample series from daily series. Annual and interannual biases and dispersions were evaluated and compared. The impact of sampling frequency was investigated through the generation of bimonthly and weekly surveys. Interannual uncertainty analysis showed that the performance of the DC method was comparable with those of the other methods, except for stations showing high hydrological variability. In this case, the DC method performed better, with annual biases lower than those characterizing the other methods. Results show that the DC method generated the smallest pollutant load errors when considering a monthly sampling frequency for rivers showing high variability in hydrological conditions and contaminant concentrations.     

Estimating Sediment and Nutrient Loads in Four Western Lake Superior Streams

Total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) have been shown to be strongly correlated with turbidity in watersheds. High‐frequency in situ turbidity can provide estimates of these potential pollutants over a wide range of hydrologic conditions. Concentrations and loads were estimated in four western Lake Superior trout streams from 2005 to 2010 using regression models relating continuous turbidity data to grab sample measures of TSS and TP during differing flow regimes. TSS loads estimated using the turbidity surrogate were compared with those made using FLUX software, a standard assessment technique based on discharge and grab sampling for TSS. More traditional rating curve methodology was not suitable because of the high variability in the particulates vs. discharge relationship. Stream‐specific turbidity and TSS data were strongly correlated (r² = 0.5 to 0.8; p < 0.05) and less so for TP (r² = 0.3 to 0.7; p < 0.05). Near‐continuous turbidity monitoring (every 15 min) provided a good method for estimating both TSS and TP concentration, providing information when manual sample collection was unlikely, and allowing for detailed analyses of short‐term responses of flashy Lake Superior tributaries to highly variable weather and hydrologic conditions while the FLUX model typically resulted in load estimates greater than those determined using the turbidity surrogate, with 17/23 stream years having greater FLUX estimates for TSS and 18/23 for TP.