美缝剂TVOC释放量与释放规律的测试与分析

提出了环境舱法测试美缝剂总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)释放量的方法,对市场常见的美缝剂产品的TVOC进行了测试,并研究了美缝剂的TVOC释放规律和主要污染物.同时对美缝剂的甲醛释放量进行了测试.通过对16种环氧树脂美缝剂产品的数据分析显示,美缝剂产品的甲醛释放量风险较低;75%的产品在第7天的TVOC释放量可达到500μg·m^-3以下.但个别产品在28 d时仍有明显的VOC释放,显示其具有长期缓慢释放的特点.美缝剂释放的主要污染物为苯甲醛与苯甲醇,个别产品检出有甲苯和邻苯二甲酸酯类物质.     

基于动态毒性负荷的人员疏散安全评估方法

毒气泄漏事故在高含硫气田及化工园区频繁发生,一旦发生事故,周边公众迅速进行疏散是应急的首要任务。我国很多地区制定了疏散方案,但是如何评估疏散的安全性和可行性,是亟待解决的问题。分析了我国泄漏事故特点和周边居民情况,对以往评估方法缺陷进行了剖析,提出基于动态毒性负荷分析的安全疏散评估方法。该方法在毒气扩散的精确3d模拟及疏散模拟的基础上,用差分法对人员行走过程中的毒性负荷Pc进行的计算,最终得出相应的致死概率Pr,并通过一个实例验证该方法的可行性。结果表明,运用该方法能够详尽、准确规划疏散区域、搬迁区域和避难区域。     

一种毒气事故避难所效果评估方法

目前我国针对公众防护只有疏散这一单一方法,现实情况下往往疏散不利导致大量人员伤亡,而同时避难策略由于缺乏理论和评估依据,往往难以推广。为了更好的全面保障毒气泄漏事故周边居民的生命安全,提出一套避难场所的效果评估方法。该方法主要包括房屋气密性测试、屋外浓度场计算、屋内浓度场计算分析、屋内致死概率分析。并举出实际应用案例,展现该方法的多种数据支撑作用。最终给出该方法对于制定避难策略过程中关键影响因素。该方法的提出为高含硫气田、化工园区周边公众防护策略的实施,提高其周边居民安全具有重要意义。     

淡水沉积物中Cd和Cu对河蚬的毒性效应研究

以淡水底栖动物河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为受试生物,研究了淡水沉积物中重金属Cd和Cu对河蚬的12h挖洞行为和10d存活率的影响.结果表明,河蚬对加标Cd和Cu的淡水沉积物均产生了明显的规避行为.在12h挖洞行为试验中,河蚬对沉积物中Cd的污染反应比Cu更加灵敏,暴露于Cd和Cu的10mg/kg的沉积物中时,河蚬的挖洞比率分别为0.39和0.43.在10d存活率试验中,河蚬的存活率随沉积物中Cd和Cu浓度的升高而降低.在Cd加标浓度为10mg/kg的沉积物中,河蚬的存活率为93.3%,当Cd加标浓度达到300mg/kg时,河蚬存活率降为43.3%;在Cu加标浓度为10mg/kg的沉积物中,河蚬存活率为96.3%;而当Cu加标浓度达到500mg/kg时,河蚬存活率降为34.3%.加标Cd和Cu的两种淡水沉积物对河蚬的LC₅₀分别为285、690mg/kg,表明河蚬对Cd的毒性反应更加灵敏.比较河蚬的挖洞行为和存活率对重金属Cd和Cu的指示作用,挖洞行为比存活率更加快捷,对沉积物中Cd和Cu的指示作用更加明显,故在沉积物重金属污染监测中应优先考虑挖洞行为.     

个人护理用品(PCPs)的生态毒性和处理工艺效果研究进展

个人护理用品的大量使用导致其生产量和排放量也日渐增加,会不可避免地进入环境,对生态环境和人体健康产生影响。本文归纳整理了个人护理用品的分类,总结了其中代表化合物对水生生物的生态毒性研究现状,分析比较了主要废水处理工艺技术对个人护理用品的去除效果,为今后对这类物质的生态毒性和处理工艺研究提供参考。     

左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石存在条件下对大肠杆菌的毒性效应

采用批实验研究了蒙脱石对左氧氟沙星的吸附机理及对左氧氟沙星抗菌作用的影响。结果表明,中性条件下存在培养基时,左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石上前2 h即达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附方程,吸附率达90%以上;蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星存在阳离子交换作用、氢键作用、疏水作用、阳离子键桥作用、静电吸附作用等物理化学过程;蒙脱石本身不具有抑菌、杀菌活性,且由于蒙脱石增大了微生物附着的比表面积,在特定情况下可以促进微生物的生长;扣除其对微生物生长的促进作用后,蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星降低了后者的毒性效应,其抑菌率降低约25%。上述结果为进一步研究抗生素在环境中的毒理效应提供了基础依据。     

湿热水解预处理对餐厨废弃物液相物质转化的影响

设计湿热水解预处理温度(80、120、150和200 ℃)、时间(40、50、60和70 min)、加水量(40%、60%、80%和100%)的三因素四水平正交试验,研究湿热水解预处理对餐厨废弃物液相可浮油脱出量、ρ(COD_Cr)、糖类、ρ(VFA)(VFA为挥发性脂肪酸)等的影响. 结果表明:餐厨废弃物经湿热水解预处理后可浮油脱出量明显提高. 在150 ℃、加水量40%、处理60 min的湿热水解条件下,可浮油脱出量(67.7 mL/kg)最高,比未经预处理的对照组提高了2.65倍;同时,ρ(还原糖)和ρ(总糖)也达到最高,分别比对照组增加了16.29%和38.92%.随着温度升高和处理时间的延长,ρ(COD_Cr)不断升高,在200 ℃、加水量40%、处理70 min的湿热水解条件下,ρ(COD_Cr)最高为109.729 g/L,比对照组提高了1.39倍. 经湿热水解预处理后,ρ(VFA)也呈显著增加,在200 ℃、加水量100%、处理40 min的湿热水解条件下,ρ(VFA)达到最高,比对照组增加了66.26%.预处理后,ρ(乙酸)、ρ(丁酸)升高,ρ(乙醇)降低. 方差、极差综合分析表明,在湿热水解过程中,温度是影响餐厨废弃物液相物质转化的主控因子,其次是加水量和时间.      

Nanosized magnetite in low cost materials for remediation of water polluted with toxic metals,azo- and antraquinonic dyes

Nanosized magnetite has emerged as an adsorbent of pollutants in water remediation. Nanoadsorbents include magnetic iron oxide and its modifiers/stabilizers, such as carbon, silica, clay, organic moieties (polymers, aminoacids, and fatty acids) and other inorganic oxides. This review is focused on the recent developments on the synthesis and use of magnetic nanoparticles and nanocomposites in the treatment of contaminated water. The emphasis is on the influence of the iron oxide modifiers on some properties of interest such as size, BET area, and magnetization. The characteristics of these nanomaterials are related to their ability to eliminate heavy metal ions and dyes from wastewater. Comparative analysis of the actual literature was performed aiming to present the magnetic material, its preparation methodology and performance in the elimination of the selected pollutants. Vast information has been properly summarized according to the materials, their properties and preferential affinity for selected contaminants. The mechanisms governing nanomaterial’s formation as well as the interactions with heavy metals and dyes have been carefully analyzed and associated to their efficiency.     

厦门汀溪水库溶解有机氮对有毒藻种的生物有效性及其化学本质

为探究厦门汀溪水库溶解有机氮(DON)对有毒藻种的生物有效性及其化学本质,采用水样分子质量和极性分级技术,进行铜绿微囊藻 (Microcystis aeruginosa)培养实验.结果表明,汀溪水库中DON含量呈季节性差异,在枯水期比较高,而丰水期比较低.汀溪水库DON在不同季节中的主要成分都是疏水组分和>3kDa组分.汀溪水库DON的生物有效性为65.20%.较疏水组分和>3kDa组分而言,亲水组分和￡3kDa组分DON更易被铜绿微囊藻利用.从水环境和水源保护角度出发,应首先考虑消除DON中的亲水性组分和小分子质量组分.     

Application of rotating cylinder method for ecotoxicological evaluation of antifouling paints

The environmental impact of two biocide-free antifouling paints, fluoropolymer and silicone types, painted on a test cylinder was assessed using a battery of ecotoxicity test and chemical analyses for organic micro-pollutants such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). A biocide paint containing zinc pyrithione (ZnPT₂) and cuprous oxide was assessed as a positive control. A standardized laboratory rotating-cylinder method using each test cylinder with artificial seawater was performed for 45 days. After 1?h rotation, the leaked seawater was subjected for bioassay and chemical analyses twice weekly. The seawater extracts from the biocide paint showed adverse effects on bacteria, algae, and crustaceans, but those from the biocide-free paints did not. The leakage seawater from biocide-free paints, after 7-day continuous rotation, contained the same concentration levels of PFAS as blank seawater used to conduct the tests. Thus, no significant toxicities of the biocide-free paints were found under the conditions of this study. Simultaneous analysis of ZnPT₂ and copper pyrithione (CuPT₂) was developed using an HPLC with a polymeric resin column, showing that ZnPT₂ was converted to CuPT₂ by trans-chelation in the leakage seawater from the positive control paint. The experimental results using a laboratory rotating-cylinder method demonstrated that biocide-free paints did not markedly affect three species tested and no PFAS was detected. In contrast, biocide paint was significantly toxic to test species and toxicity of the extract on bacteria was partly responsible for CuPT₂ produced in leakage seawater. Thus, a laboratory rotating-cylinder method may be applied for ecotoxicological assessment of antifouling paints.