中国机动车有毒有害空气污染物排放估算

有毒有害空气污染物的环境影响是国内外研究的热点,而机动车排放是其重要源之一.通过资料调研,获得各车型年均行驶里程以及有毒有害空气污染物排放与非甲烷挥发性有机物(NMVOC)排放的质量分数,梳理各车型保有量,利用COPERT Ⅳ模型计算NMVOC排放因子,建立了2005年中国分车型、分省域的有毒有害空气污染物排放清单.结果表明:2005年中国苯,1,3-丁二烯,甲醛,乙醛和丙烯醛的机动车排放总量分别为31.65×104,7.45×104,13.26×104,5.11×104和1.65×104 t,其主要来源于摩托车、汽油小客车和重型柴油货车;广东、山东、江苏、浙江、河北和河南六省排放量较高.      

曝气强度对膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性的影响

主要研究了曝气强度对膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染的影响.2套MBR采用恒流出水模式连续运行60 d,曝气强度分别为500及100 L/h,应用死端过滤装置来检测不同阶段污泥混合液的可滤性.实验中对不同曝气强度下的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)分子质量分布、颗粒粒径分布、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量进行了测定.结果表明,过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加了膜污染速率.进一步研究表明,曝气强度的增加导致了污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量>10000的SMP浓度的增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度直接影响了污泥混合液的可滤性.过高的曝气强度也导致了污泥絮体中1～10μm细小颗粒和EPS含量的增加.     

小清河水体和沿岸地下水中有机污染物的监测及其毒性分析

本文对小清河水体和沿岸地下水中的有机污染物进行了色－质联用分析,共检出有机污染物１３类９３种。并对其毒性效应进行了分析和评价。     

酸去除剩余活性污泥重金属效果及农用安全性

污水处理厂剩余污泥中的重金属是污泥农用的潜在危害之一,因此如何有效去除污泥中的重金属以保证其农用安全性是当前迫切需要解决的问题。采集污水处理厂二沉池的活性污泥,比较不同物质的量比的盐酸和硝酸(1∶2、1∶1、2∶1)浸取污泥中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu和Mn的效果,采用Tessier连续提取方法定时检测污泥重金属相态分布,分析混合酸对污泥EPS结构和质量比的影响,并检验了处理后污泥对菠菜生长及重金属富集的影响。结果表明:1)盐酸/硝酸物质的量比为2∶1时效果最佳,重金属浸出率从高到低依次为Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Cu;2) Pb的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态比例最高,Cu的残渣态比例最大,可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和FeMn氧化物结合态比例越大,重金属的浸出率越高;3)酸浸试验期间EPS总量减少,黏液层和LB-EPS层易脱落;最后盆栽试验表明处理后污泥中重金属的潜在迁移性风险大大减弱,且污泥对菠菜生长有明显的促进作用。因此混合酸处理后污泥可以安全用于农业种植,且污泥与土壤干重比为1∶1时效果最佳。     

Assessment of Genotoxicity of Lignin Substances as Risk Factors for Aquatic Ecosystems

The genotoxicity of lignin substances (LSs) isolated from biologically purified wastewaters of the pulp and paper industry was studied in experiments on Baikal endemic mollusks and corn. Both toxicity and mutagenic activity of LSs were revealed, with their levels depending on the physicochemical characteristics of LSs, the test organism, and experimental conditions. These results provide evidence that LSs discharged into water bodies create a genetic hazard to their ecosystems.     

TOXIC TRACE ELEMENT POLLUTION IN GROUND WATERS AROUND PATANCHERU AND BOLARAM INDUSTRIAL AREAS, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA: A GRAPHICAL APPROACH

Patancheru and Bolaram are satellite industrial towns nearHyderabad with over 300 large andmedium scale pharmaceutical, heavy engineering, paints, paperand chemical factories. The industriesof the area generate a cumulative 8 × 10⁶ l/day ofeffluents which are being directly dischargedon to surrounding land, irrigation fields, and surface waterbodies which finally enter into theNakkavagu River a tributary of the Manzira River. The presentstudy on abundance and distributionpattern of toxic trace elements indicates the quantitativeaspect of pollution in the Nakkavagu Basin.Migration patterns drawn for TDS, toxic elements such as Cu,As, Se, Zn, B, Cr and iron indicate thatpollutants discharged by the industries are entering thesurface and groundwater system (aquifers) andare also migrating towards the Manzira River furtherdeteriorating the entire hydrological setup of the area.Entry and dispersion of pollutants in the hydrological systemis shown by distribution diagrams. Aconservative estimate indicates that the effect of pollutantson the agricultural lands and water bodiesextends 0.25 to 0.5 km to either side of the Nakkavagu Riverover a length of 25 km. In addition tothis, the movement of pollutants with ground water in thedownstream direction worsened thehydrological system and increased the possibility ofgeo-accumulation of pollutants in biota. Openwells, dug wells and tanks have become useless and redundantas the concentrations of Cu, Se, As,B, Cr and Fe have increased to 5 to 10 times the permissiblelimits. Several villages have beenaffected by the toxic pollutants in the area. The groundwatersystem is polluted over a large area asshown in elemental migration diagrams and is not potable.Tentatively an area of 20 sq km can becategorized as the worst affected by various pollutants.     

The containment of toxic wastes: I. Long term metal movement in soils over a covered metalliferous waste heap at Parc lead-zinc mine, North Wales

In order to stabilise and contain a toxic metalliferous waste heap at Parc Mine, North Wales, it was covered with 30-40 cm layer of quarry waste in 1977-1978, and sown with a grass/clover seed mixture. This study has examined subsequent metal movement in the cover material and its effect on vegetation. The results, especially when compared with previous observations, give no evidence of upward migration of metals by capillarity in the cover material. Sideways movement of leachate, however, appears to be carrying the metals into the cover material on the sloping sides, giving rise to increasing concentrations of heavy metals in the vegetation and dieback in some places. Root growth on the flat top of the heap is greater than on the slope, but the roots have not penetrated the waste and the contents of Pb, Zn and Cd in surface vegetation remain low. Surface covering of toxic waste with coarse materials restricting capillary rise is therefore a valid reclamation technique so long as lateral movement of toxic leachate can be controlled.     

Application of Neomysis awatschensis as a standard marine toxicity test organism in China

The small mysid crustacean Neomysis awatschensis was collected in the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China in 1992 and acclimated and cultured in laboratory conditions since then. Standard acute toxicity tests using 4--6 d juvenile mysids of this species were conducted and the results were compared with Mysidopsis bahia, a standard toxicity test organism used in the US in terms of their sensitivities to reference toxins, as well as their taxonomy, morphology and geographic distributions. Because of its wide distribution along the Chinese coast, similar sensitivity to pollutants as M. bahia, short life history, small size and the ease of handling, this study intended to use N-awatschensis as one of the standard marine organisms for toxicity testing in China. The species were applied to acute toxicity evaluations of drilling fluid and its additives, organotin TPT and toxic algae, and to chronic (life cycle) toxicity assays of organotin TPT and a toxic dinofalgellate Alexandrium tamarense, respectively. Using N. awatschensis as a standard toxicity testing organism in marine pollution assment in China is suegested.     

可燃有毒气体报警仪系统设置现状及应用探讨

针对当前可燃、有毒气体报警仪系统管理的日趋严格,综合归纳了在役装置可燃、有毒气体报警仪系统设置现状,重点分析了在役装置报警仪系统的不足及在实际应用中常见的问题,并提出相关整改建议和注意事项。