Toxic Metals in the Austrian Pine (Pinus Nigra) Bark in the Thrace Region, Turkey

Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) bark was collected in thirty-seven localities in the Thrace region, Turkey, for the determination of airborne toxic metal distribution. Five toxic metals, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, were monitored using atomic absorption spectrometry. Distribution maps of toxic elements in the region were plotted according to Geographic Information System technology. In general, the concentrations of all investigated elements were not high in the region apart from the vicinity of big cities, Tekirdag, Istanbul and, close to Bulgarian border. However, the highest concentrations were not at pollution level. They have a similar distribution pattern throughout the region.     

全氟烷基羧酸前体物氟调醇的污染水平与生物转化研究进展

全氟烷基羧酸(perfluorocarboxylic acids,PFCAs)普遍具有环境持久性、生物富集性及生物毒性效应.随着政府和国际组织对PFCAs生产和排放的监控和管制,探究PFCAs的间接来源变得愈加迫切.氟调醇(fluorotelomer alcohols,FTOHs)是生产含氟聚合物和含氟表面活性剂的重要...     

Thallium in the Environment and Health Effects

Thallium is present in the natural environment in low concentration, being found most frequently in the sulphide ores of a number of heavy metals. Atmospheric emission and deposition from industrial sources has resulted in raised levels in the vicinity of mineral smelters, coal burning power plants, brick works and cement plants. In contaminated areas, raised levels are found in vegetables, fruit and in farm animals. Thallium is used industrially in small quantities, with uses in electronics, in the production of certain glasses and crystals and in medical diagnostics. It has in the past been commonly used as a rodenticide, but its use has now been banned in many countries. Thallium salts are now considered to be amongst the most toxic compounds known. With regard to population exposure, an epidemiological study in an area with high thallium concentrations in soil and garden vegetables centred on a cement plant, has found evidence of a dose response relationship between thallium concentration in urine and a number of non-specific subjective symptoms. Much further research is required to investigate the possible adverse health effects of thallium following population exposure.     

风险严重度指数法在毒气泄漏评价中的应用

为评价某区域或某设备潜在的毒气泄漏事故场景的风险水平,以对不同的风险等级进行风险控制和安全规划,详细介绍了工业事故风险评估方法ARAMIS所采用的风险严重度指数法.首先基于事故频率和后果的风险矩阵选取毒气泄漏事故场景;然后运用毒气当量浓度计算任意暴露时间下不同风险严重度等级所对应的特征距离,并根据同一风险等级内风险严重度指数与距离的线性关系计算任意点的风险严重度指数;最后应用1个实例分析了考虑所研究区域的风向概率后对风险严重度指数的真实影响,便于工厂或企业识别不同的风险等级,进行不同场景下风险水平的对比性研究,为其安全设计及风险分析提供了一种新的评估方法.     

碱性催化剂对农业废物液化产生生物油和气体的影响

采用热化学处理法对农业废物玉米秸秆和苹果渣进行处理,3种碱性物质Na2CO3、K2CO3和KOH作为催化剂,都能不同程度提高液化生物油收率、减少固体残渣收率.但碱性催化剂会降低气体收率,因而不适合作为以获得气体产物为目的的生物质气化试验的催化剂.就增加液化生物油收率方面而言,Na2CO3的催化效果最好,KOH催化效果次之,K2CO3的催化效果最差.     

胞外多聚物在好氧颗粒污泥形成中的作用机制

在SBR反应器活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程中,分析不同时期污泥EPS主要成分的变化、污泥表面特性的变化及二者相关关系.不同时期污泥样品胞外蛋白的SDS-PAGE表明,蛋白分子量条带主要分布在（31.0～97.4）×10³,与种泥相比,颗粒污泥在形成过程中增加了一些新蛋白条带,且条带颜色逐渐变深,定性表明蛋白种类及含量的增加.定量测定也表明,胞外蛋白分泌量随颗粒污泥的形成逐渐从49.4 mg·g^-1增至148.3 mg·g^-1,多糖则无明显变化,蛋白/多糖值也从2.3逐渐增至4.9.颗粒污泥表面疏水性比种泥约增加1倍,疏水性的变化与蛋白/多糖值正相关,相关系数为0.969.测得种泥与颗粒污泥表面Zeta电位平均值分别为-28.5 mV和-13.2　mV,颗粒污泥表面的电负性明显降低.由蛋白质自身特性,可推测其通过增加污泥表面相对疏水性和降低污泥表面电负性而促进好氧颗粒污泥形成的作用机制.     

TOXIC METALS IN SURFACE WATERS FROM COAL ASH1

ABSTRACT: The concentration of 10 [titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (CR), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] toxic elements were measured in the water, benthic sediment, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of an ash basin and its drainage system at a coal-fired power plant of the Savannah River Project, Aiken, S.C., over a period of two years. During 12 months of this period the basin was essentially filled and little settling of ash occurred. In the remaining 12 months, dredging had been completed, adequate settling occurred and most of the effluent turbidity was removed. All elements were more concentrated in sediment and biota than in water, and five (Mn, Cu, As, Zn, and Se) were biomagnified by at least one biotic component as compared to concentration in benthic sediment. Plants had high accumulations of Ti, Mn, As, and Hg; invertebrates had high accumulations of Co, Hg, Cu, Cr, Cd, and As; and vertebrates greatly biomagnified Se and Zn. The streamlined biotic community of the system accomplished major removal of Mn, Zn, As, Se, and Cd from the effluent. The magnitude of bioaccumulation of Ti, Mn, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Hg was increased during the period of adequate settling in the basin.     

干介质微波辐射加热法合成蒽醌的研究

采用干介质为催化剂,微波辐射加热合成蒽醌反应速度快,产率高,污染小,是一种很有研究与应用价值的清洁生产方法。笔者通过正交试验观测了微波辐照条件下合成蒽醌的最佳反应条件,着重研究了邻苯甲酰苯甲酸环化脱水缩合生成蒽醌的产率与微波功率、微波辐照时间、邻苯甲酰苯甲酸与催化剂配比、热浴物质混合配比间的关系。      

Soil phytoremediation from the breakdown products of the chemical warfare agent, yperite

A plant-based bioremediation (phytoremediation) strategy has been developed and shown to be effective for the clean-up of soil contaminated by the breakdown products of the chemical warfare agent (CWA), yperite. The method involves exploiting the plant growth hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), to intensify the phytoremediation. For determination of the yperite breakdown products, gas chromatography is used. Soil and plant samples were analysed with a gas chromatograph fitted with an atomic emission detector. The method of standard-free determination was employed to identify sulphur-containing substances (SCSs). A series of soil tests was conducted, which showed that the level of SCSs decreased 4, 8, and more than 20-fold compared with that found in contaminated soil. This decrease was dependent upon the IAA concentrations used for plant treatment. The treated plants accumulated 2.7 to 2.9-fold larger amounts of the SCSs than did the untreated plants. Owing to its simplicity, environmental safety and inexpensiveness, the method can be recommended for the restoration of soil fertility in areas of storage and destruction of blister CWAs.     

苯酚-硫酸法测定好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物中多糖浓度的研究

以葡萄糖为对照，优选苯酚-硫酸法测定胞外聚合物中多糖含量的显色条件，对此法精密度进行研究。结果表明，此测定方法显色稳定，重复性好，但回收率欠佳，测得的多糖含量要大于实际值。