钙离子对短期膜污染的影响

以处理生活污水的平板膜-生物反应器为依托,通过将进水调配成30、200和500 mg/L 3种不同的钙离子浓度,考察钙离子对短期膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着钙离子浓度的增加,TMP增长趋势变小,膜污染得到缓解;钙离子浓度为200 mg/L时,膜的渗透性最好,而过高的钙离子浓度并不利于降低膜污染。钙离子的投加强化了生物絮凝作用,可以降低SMP和LB-EPS的含量,主要通过降低外部阻力减缓膜污染;投加钙离子也可以增加絮体的大小,较大的絮体形成的泥饼有更好的过滤性,然而过高的钙离子浓度会使无机颗粒的量增加,造成平均粒径下降,将会加重内部污染,进而加剧膜污染。     

EDTA and HCl leaching of calcareous and acidic soils polluted with potentially toxic metals: remediation efficiency and soil impact

The environmental risk of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in soil can be diminished by their removal. Among the available remediation techniques, soil leaching with various solutions is one of the most effective but data about the impact on soil chemical and biological properties are still scarce. We studied the effect of two common leaching agents, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a chelating agent (EDTA) on Pb, Zn, Cd removal and accessibility and on physico-chemical and biological properties in one calcareous, pH neutral soil and one non-calcareous acidic soil. EDTA was a more efficient leachant compared to HCl: up to 133-times lower chelant concentration was needed for the same percentage (35%) of Pb removal. EDTA and HCl concentrations with similar PTM removal efficiency decreased PTM accessibility in both soils but had different impacts on soil properties. As expected, HCl significantly dissolved carbonates from calcareous soil, while EDTA leaching increased the pH of the acidic soil. Enzyme activity assays showed that leaching with HCl had a distinctly negative impact on soil microbial and enzyme activity, while leaching with EDTA had less impact. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the ecological impact of remediation processes on soil in addition to the capacity for PTM removal.     

Roles of ATP-dependent N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aerobic granulation

Aerobic granules which form through a cell-to-cell self-immobilization process have been intensively studied and developed for wastewater biotreatment. However, the microbiological origin of this phenomenon is still largely unknown. This study investigated the possible role of metabolic energy in the development of aerobic granules. Results showed that aerobic granulation was positively related to ATP-dependent N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) production. Inhibited ATP synthesis by a chemical uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide, led to significant reduction of AHLs and EPSs production, which in turn prevented aerobic granulation. This study for the first time demonstrated the involvement of ATP-dependent AHLs in aerobic granulation.     

Interference by the activated sludge matrix on the analysis of soluble microbial products in wastewater

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of complex matrix effects caused by chemical materials on the analysis of key soluble microbial products (SMP) including proteins, humics, carbohydrates, and polysaccharides in activated sludge samples. Emphasis was placed on comparison of the commonly used standard curve technique with standard addition (SA), a technique that differs in that the analytical responses are measured for sample solutions spiked with known quantities of analytes. The results showed that using SA provided a great improvement in compensating for SMP recovery and thus improving measurement accuracy by correcting for matrix effects. Analyte recovery was found to be highly dependent on sample dilution, and changed due to extraction techniques, storage conditions and sample composition. Storage of sample extracts by freezing changed SMP concentrations dramatically, as did storage at 4 °C for as little as 1 d.     

Distribution, source and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban soils of Beijing, China

The concentration of PCBs in urban soils of Beijing across six land types including business districts (BD), cultural and educational areas (CE), classical gardens (CG), public green (PG), residential areas (RA), and roadsides (RD) was investigated. The total concentrations of PCBs ranged from below method detection limit (M.D.L.) to 37.11 × 10⁻³ mg kg⁻¹ dry weight (mean: 11.70 × 10⁻³ mg kg⁻¹; median: 13.28 × 10⁻³ mg kg⁻¹), which was at a medium level compared with other cities around the world. In general, the levels of PCBs decreased from the center of Beijing city to the suburb, suggesting the increasing PCBs concentrations with the age of the urban area. For different types of land use, the highest level of PCBs was observed in CG soils which have the oldest age, and the homologue profiles were similar, which were predominated by lowly chlorinated congeners including di-, tri- and tetra-CBs. Principal component analysis indicated that local sources such as Aroclor 1016, 1242, and 1248 were important sources in addition to long-range transport of PCBs all over the world. Although the toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs in all soil samples of Beijing were higher than those in other urban areas of China, they met the Canadian soil quality standard.     

Immobilization of potentially toxic metals using different soil amendments

The in situ stabilization of potentially toxic metals (PTMs), using various easily available amendments, is a cost-effective remediation method for contaminated soils. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of apatite and a commercial mixture of dolomite, diatomite, smectite basaltic tuff, bentonite, alginite and zeolite (Slovakite) on Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd stabilization by means of decreasing their bioavailability in contaminated soil from an old lead and zinc smelter site in Arnoldstein, Austria. We also investigated the impact of 5% (w/w) apatite and Slovakite applications on soil functionality and quality, as assessed by glucose-induced soil respiration, dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase activity. Both amendments resulted in increased soil pH and decreased PTM potential bioavailability assessed by diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid extraction and by sequential extractions in the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. The efficiency of stabilization was reflected in the soil respiration rate and in enzymatic activity. The β-glucosidase activity assay was the most responsive of them.     

含砷冶炼废渣高温烧结过程砷的迁移特性

研究了烧结温度和烧结时间对含砷冶炼废渣烧结过程中砷的迁移特性的影响。烧结条件为在10 MPa下加压成型,进空气流量为2 000 mL/min,烧结温度1 000～1 350℃,烧结时间5～120 min。结果表明,烧结过程中存在砷的挥发,但烧结前后砷的总量变化不大,砷的固化率均保持在90%以上。毒性浸出实验表明,不同的烧结条件对烧结体中砷的毒性浸出有重要的影响,从烧结体的环境安全性考虑,最佳的烧结温度和时间分别为1 200℃和45 min。     

垂序商陆茎叶收获物“水热液化”脱除重金属及生物质转化

以超富集植物之一的垂序商陆茎叶收获物为对象,以实现其中有害金属高效分离及生物质转化为目标,开展了垂序商陆茎叶收获物"水热液化"后处理工艺研究,考察了"水热液化"工艺温度、固液比及催化剂等因素对垂序商陆茎叶中锰及其他有害金属分离和生物油转化的影响,优化了实验参数。结果表明,在粒度为200目(75μm)、液固比为13.3∶1、压强为23 MPa、温度为373℃、反应时间为30 min、催化剂为0.1 mol/L K2CO3条件下可将垂序商陆茎叶中97%以上的锰及其他有害金属分离到水溶液中,86.24%的生物质转化成粗生物油。生物油经GC-MS等测定表明其主要由11.64%的苯类、51.91%酮类、18.71%的苯酚、6.24%烯类、4.20%的醚类和8.0%的氨类及其他有机物,相对分子量分布为94~138,碳数分布为6~9,热值26.72 MJ/kg。     

磺胺和四环素类抗生素对活性污泥性能的影响

废水处理工艺中抗生素类污染物的存在可能会对生物处理过程产生长期而深远的影响,为探明此类污染物对废水生物处理主体活性污泥性能等方面的影响,采用间歇培养法研究了活性污泥法处理污水时,抗生素类污染物的存在对活性污泥性能如胞外聚合物（EPS）、污染物处理能力、脱氢酶活性和群落结构的影响。结果表明,抗生素的存在会导致活性污泥的胞外聚合物总量及其主要组分蛋白质和多糖增加,以产生保护屏障;且由于污泥絮体解体,细胞破裂导致EPS中DNA和色氨酸含量增加。同时,由于蛋白质大量增加引起的表面负电荷的增加,使污泥疏水性增强,絮凝性能恶化;污泥絮体解体导致污泥颗粒变小,SVI也随之下降;在活性污泥脱氢酶活性急剧下降的同时,出水TOC迅速升高。此外,抗生素类污染物在抑制活性污泥中大部分细菌的同时,对部分菌群也有刺激生长作用,最终导致活性污泥生物群落结构的改变。四环素类抗生素对活性污泥的EPS和絮凝沉降性能的影响大于磺胺类,而对污水处理能力和群落结构的影响则不如磺胺类。抗生素类污染物的长期存在会对活性污泥沉降性能、絮凝性能、脱氢酶活性以及活性污泥群落结构等产生一系列负面影响,进而影响污染物去除效果,导致出水水质恶化。     

基于粒度分布的活性污泥胞外聚合物提取及凝聚特性分析

胞外聚合物(EPS)在活性污泥的凝聚及结构方面起着重要的作用。现有研究一般根据分离难易程度及空间分布,将EPS分为溶解型EPS(SEPS),松散结合型EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密结合型EPS(TB-EPS)。本研究提出了根据EPS功能进行分类的概念,将EPS分为絮体EPS(extra-microcolony polymeric substances,EMPS)和菌胶团EPS(extra-cellular polymeric substances,ECPS)。以活性污泥粒度分布的演变为基础,采用阳离子交换树脂法作为一次提取法,甲醛加碱法和超声-高速离心法2种方法分别作为二次提取法,对EMPS和ECPS进行分离提取,并对其功能及凝聚特性进行分析。结果显示,阳离子交换树脂法可有效提取EMPS,而超声-高速离心法可有效提取ECPS。ECPS比EMPS含有更多的蛋白质和多糖,且ECPS比EMPS具有更强的疏水性。此外,EMPS和ECPS都表现出较强的带负电特性。结果表明,活性污泥絮体层级和菌胶团层级的聚合力不同,絮体层级的絮凝主要由二价阳离子的桥联作用引起,而菌胶团层级的凝聚则是由疏水作用等其他作用力引起。