Rapid degradation of hexachlorobenzene by micron Ag/Fe bimetal particles

The feasibility of the rapid degradation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by micron-size silver (Ag)/iron (Fe) particles was investigated.Ag/Fe particles with different ratios (0,0.05%,0.09%,0.20%,and 0.45%) were prepared by electroless silver plating on 300 mesh Fe powder,and were used to degrade HCB at different pH values and temperatures.The dechlorination ability of Fe greatly increased with small Ag addition,whereas too much added Ag would cover the Fe surface and reduce the effective reaction surface,thereby decreasing the extent of dechlorination.The optimal Ag/Fe ratio was 0.09%.Tafel polarization curves showed that HCB was rapidly degraded at neutral or acidic pH,whereas low pH levels severely intensified H2 production,which consumed the reducing electrons needed for the HCB degradation.HCB degradation was more sensitive to temperature than pH.The rate constant of HCB dechlorination was 0.452 min-1 at 85℃,50 times higher than that at 31℃.HCB was degraded in a successive dechlorination pathway,yielding the main products 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene within 2 hr.     

成都市道路积尘中全氟化合物的污染特征及暴露风险评估

为了解成都市道路积尘中全氟化合物(PFASs)的污染特征及人群暴露风险,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了成都市道路积尘中12种PFASs的含量水平.成都市道路积尘中PFASs的含量为0. 95～111 ng·g~(-1),平均含量为(25. 6±37. 2)ng·g~(-1),说明存在较大的空间差异性.主干道路上PFASs的总含量显著高于支干道路,支干道路市区含量高于郊区含量.解放路一段、金牛坝路及水碾河路段主要的全氟化合物为全氟丁烷羧酸(PFBA),比例高达95%.而其它道路中主要的PFASs为全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA,24. 8%)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS,24. 1%),说明不同区域PFASs的污染源存在较大差异.成都市儿童和成人通过道路积尘摄入的PFASs分别为0. 168 ng·(kg·d)-1和0. 028 ng·(kg·d)-1,说明儿童暴露风险高于成人,应加强对儿童健康风险的关注.另外,根据欧盟推荐的每日最大耐受量,道路积尘中PFOS和PFOA的暴露量不会对成都市居民造成即时伤害.     

纳米二氧化钛胁迫对普生轮藻的毒性效应

纳米材料独特的理化性质使其得到了广泛的应用,但其可能带来的生物安全性问题也引起了广泛关注.实验研究了胁迫浓度梯度为0、0.01、0.10、1.0、10、100mg.L-1的纳米二氧化钛(nTiO2)悬浮液单一处理普生轮藻(CharavulgarisL.)的毒性效应,在胁迫24h、48h、72h、96h后分别测定其叶绿素a含量、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.结果表明,随着胁迫浓度的增加和时间的延长,叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性总体呈下降趋势,而MDA含量呈递增趋势,高浓度剂量组与对照组比较差异极显著,酶的活性降幅也较大,说明急性nTiO2暴露对普生轮藻具有毒性作用,且表现出剂量效应.     

五氯酚对稀有鮈鲫胚胎毒性效应研究

研究五氯酚(PCP)对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)胚胎的致畸和毒性效应.以7.5,30,60,120,250μg/L5个浓度的PCP对0hpf(hpf,受精卵孵出时间)的稀有鮈鲫胚胎进行暴露染毒,同时设置空白对照组、二甲基亚砜溶剂对照组和雌二醇(EE2,2.5ng/L)阳性对照组.在立体显微镜下观察整个胚胎的发育过程,统计胚胎的孵化率、96hpf相对存活率和各时期的畸形率,并利用半定量RT-PCR检测胚胎中CYP1A基因和p53基因mRNA的表达.结果表明,PCP暴露能延迟稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育,并造成胚胎卵凝结、心包囊肿、脊柱弯曲等多种畸形甚至死亡.随着PCP暴露浓度的升高,稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化率和96hpf相对存活率降低,各时期的畸形率增加,并呈现一定的浓度效应.稀有鮈鲫胚胎CYP1A基因和p53基因mRNA表达被显著诱导,并随PCP浓度的升高而增加.PCP对稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育表现为显著的毒性效应.稀有鮈鲫胚胎孵化率、96hpf相对存活率、各时期畸形率及CYP1A基因和p53基因的诱导表达可以作为评价PCP毒性作用的敏感指标.     

贫营养条件下膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性分析

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)运行16d,未向反应器内活性污泥投加营养物质,对溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)、污泥颗粒粒径分布(PSD)、胞外聚合物(EPS)、SMP相对分子量分布(MWDs)进行了定期监测.修正的污染指数(MFI)用来考察与SMP和EPS相关的污泥混合液可滤性.结果表明,MFI值由1.8′104迅速增加到7.3′104s/L2,说明长时间的内源代谢过程对MBR内污泥混合液可滤性有负面的影响.污泥混合液上清液中SMP相对分子量>10kDa的大分子有机物和污泥絮体中1~10μm细小颗粒的增加,将严重恶化污泥混合液的可滤性.     

大连海域入海污染源中PFASs的赋存、输入通量和季节特征

本文对大连海域入海河流和入海排污口中19种PFASs和2种PFOS新型替代品Cl-PFESAs进行了分析,估算其入海通量,并分析了季节变化特征.结果表明,研究区域入海河流中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 85～757 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为74. 7 ng·L~(-1)),与国内外其他河流相比,大连海域入海河流中总PFASs的含量处于中等或较低水平;入海排污口中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 19～801 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为29. 5 ng·L~(-1)).入海河流和入海排污口中PFASs的主要贡献要素为PFOS和PFOA,其中入海河流、市政污水和污水处理厂出水中总PFASs含量未发现明显的季节差异特征,但工业废水中冬季含量显著高于夏季.计算结果显示,大连海域总PFASs入海通量约123 g·d~(-1)(44. 7 kg·a~(-1)),入海河流和入海排污口的贡献相当.全氟/多氟醚类磺酸化合物(Cl-PFESAs)检出率较低,其中8∶2Cl-PFESA均为检出.     

新污染物共排放对生态环境监测和管理的挑战

从跨学科研究的角度,以氟化工行业为例,探讨了全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）和臭氧层消耗物质（ODS）两大类新污染物的共排放问题.从生产过程上解析两类物质的共生产机制,构建其内在联系;在排放途径上分析其差异性及交叉过程,剖析在样品采集、前处理和仪器分析方面所需的技术手段和挑战.在生态环境效应方面综合评估了两类污染物在不同介质中产生的生态和人群健康风险、臭氧层破坏和全球暖化效应.进一步拓展利益相关方分析、生命周期分析和质量平衡分析的视角,为新污染物共排放的研究和管理提供建议.     

企业突发环境事件应急预案存在的问题与对策

查阅了2019年通过评审并备案的390家企事业单位突发环境事件应急预案,总结了企事业单位突发环境事件应急预案存在的问题及对策.为提高应急预案的适用性,应在准确辨识企业的环境风险物质、详细调查企业的周边环境风险受体情况、建立快速的应急监测机制、储备足够的应急物资等方面基础上,使应急措施和方案达到可操作性,凸显应急预案的使...     

Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter On the Bio-Availability and Toxicity of Metals in Soils and Aquatic Systems

Cations in soil are essential for the growth of plants and micro-organisms. Their availability is dependent on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter (SOM) is heterogeneous comprising amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids, but particularly humic substances. All these substances can complex cations selectively. Mechanisms of complexation with dissolved organic matter are discussed. Such complexation can lead to the apparently contradictory observations that dissolved organic matter (DOM) can either increase the concentration of some less soluble nutrients, making them more available for plant uptake, or make them less available and hence less toxic. the importance of DOM is discussed in relation to soil solution, particularly the rhizosphere, and also in relation to aquatic systems. the latter systems contain mainly dissolved humic substances whereas in the soil, non-humic substances assume a greater importance.

SOM in the rhizosphere is derived from plant, microbial and animal remains but much, especially the water-soluble compounds, are acquired through root exudation. Exudation has important consequences for enhanced nutrient availability as a result of the production of non-humic substances such as amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids. in future, the role of root exudation in relation to DOM and nutrient availability should be investigated more fully, particularly as predicted elevated CO₂ levels are likely to have a major impact on root exudation, nutrient availability, and possibly ecosystem community structure and functioning. It is likely that more information will become available on aquatic systems as more highly sensitive techniques and equipment capable of dealing with low concentrations of DOM in these systems become available.     

加强包装运输环境有害物质评价与管理的探讨

就包装环境有害物质的评价和管理问题进行了分析和研究，探讨如何保障包装货物的安全、清洁与高效运输，并对“化学品全球分类和标识协调系统”，联合国橙皮书的修订及评价标准的有关问题提出了建议。