不同pH值下有机酸碱对发光菌的急性毒性

测定了33种有机酸碱化合物在不同pHT(5．0、7．0、9．0)对发光菌的急性毒性(半数发光抑制浓度，15min-EC50。)。结果表明，胺类化合物对发光菌的毒性随pH的升高而增大；酚类和苯甲酸类的毒性随pH的升高而减小，这与不同pH下有机酸碱的电离程度有关。有机酸碱的生物毒性主要是由分子态引起，但离子态作用不可忽略。相同pH下，有机酸碱的生物毒性随取代基团的种类、个数及取代位置而不同。并在此基础上初步探讨了有机酸碱的毒性机制。     

nano-ZnO对斑马鱼鱼鳔发育毒性效应研究

根据鱼鳔发育的不同阶段,从受精后0 h(0 hours post fertilization, 0 hpf)开始对5个发育阶段(0 hpf～孵化前、0～120 hpf、0～168 hpf、孵化后～120 hpf、120～168 hpf)的斑马鱼进行nano-ZnO暴露实验,研究不同浓度的nano-ZnO对斑马鱼鱼鳔的影响.结果表明,nano-ZnO悬浮液中溶解的Zn~(2+)不是导致斑马鱼死亡和鱼鳔缺损的唯一或主要原因.nano-ZnO暴露浓度越高,斑马鱼的死亡率和鱼鳔缺损率越高,存在剂量-效应关系.15 mg·L~(-1) nano-ZnO可造成90%的斑马鱼鱼鳔缺损和死亡,10 mg·L~(-1) nano-ZnO可导致斑马鱼鱼鳔面积缩小70%.斑马鱼鱼鳔早期发育阶段(0～168 hpf)对nano-ZnO敏感度大小为:出芽阶段(0 hpf～孵化前)充气阶段(孵化后～120 hpf)充气完成阶段(120～168 hpf).斑马鱼鱼鳔的发育面积和发育时间也受nano-ZnO暴露染毒的影响而发生变化.斑马鱼死亡率和鱼鳔缺损率(鱼鳔发育)之间存在相关性(r=0.978,p0.01).这表明斑马鱼鱼鳔的发育缺损是造成斑马鱼胚胎死亡的主要原因之一,但nano-ZnO对斑马鱼鱼鳔的影响机理,尤其是对鱼鳔出芽阶段和充气阶段的致毒机理需要进一步研究.     

有毒有害气体检测报警仪的选择和使用

详细介绍了如何选择合适的有毒有害气体检测报警仪，提出了在使用过程中需要注意的问题。     

Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥絮体结构和生物絮凝作用的影响

采用序批式活性污泥法系统研究了Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥絮体结构和生物絮凝作用的影响，结果发现Fe(Ⅲ)降低了污泥沉降指数，同时也减弱了污泥的生物絮凝作用．对细胞外高分子(EPS)的电子能谱元素分析表明在EPS中发生了阳离子间的交换作用，Fe(Ⅲ)置换出EPS中一价和二价金属阳离子．污泥絮体的扫描电镜显示Fe(Ⅲ)使活性污泥絮体颗粒变小变密实，但是Fe(Ⅲ)与EPS之间的作用和含磷沉淀物的生成削弱了污泥颗粒形成较大生物聚集体的能力．Fe(Ⅲ)对生物絮凝作用的影响主要是通过架桥机理和藻酸盐理论来实现的，而电中和不起主要作用．     

水生腐殖酸分子量分布研究——Ⅰ.串联凝胶色谱法测定水生腐殖酸分子量分布

考察了测定水生腐殖酸分子量分布及其平均分子量的串联凝胶色谱法。结果表明,使用Sepbadex G-25和G-100两种凝胶的色谱柱系统的分离范围可从分子量1000左右到数万,几乎包括了水生腐殖酸分子量分布的整个区段。这样的串联凝胶色谱柱的标定曲线为一折线,可用分段函数近似地加以描述。     

接枝羧基淀粉去除水体中有毒重金属离子的研究

以可溶性淀粉为基体，经环氧氯丙烷交联，制备了交联淀粉。以Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ为引发剂将丙烯腈单体接枝到交联淀粉上，再经过皂化制得水不溶性接枝羧基淀粉聚合物（ＩＳＣ）。通过红外光谱表征结构。用静态法和动态法研究ＩＳＣ去除水体中Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｒ２＋等离子的效果及ＰＨ值对去除效果的影响，并对其作用机理进行探讨。     

Effect of a heavy metal model mixture on biological parameters of rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>

The effects of a model mixture (HMMM) of seven heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn) on the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at all stages of development (embryos, larvae, adults) were investigated based on the annual average concentrations of these metals in cooling waste waters discharging from Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Lithuania) into the Drūk?iai lake. According to mortality parameters, the most sensitive to HMMM were larvae, although no significant differences between the sensitivity of embryos and adult fish to HMMM were found. Maximal toxic effect of HMMM was observed during the hatching period. Long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of HMMM affected embryo development, growth of larvae, their cardio-respiratory and behavioural responses, induced significant changes in morphological, morpho-physiological, physiological and haematological parameters of adult fish. Respiratory responses and growth parameters of fish were found to be the most sensitive to low concentrations of HMMM. Adult fish were capable of detecting and avoiding low, sublethal concentrations of HMMM. Heavy metals in a mixture at low concentrations were more toxic than single ones. According to the background of the damages induced by HMMM, after-effects in a fish organism, as well as in a whole population, can be predicted.     

The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestering potentially toxic elements

Naturally occurring soil organic compounds stabilize potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as Cu, Cd, Pb, and Mn. The hypothesis of this work was that an insoluble glycoprotein, glomalin, produced in copious amounts on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) sequesters PTEs. Glomalin can be extracted from laboratory cultures of AMF and from soils. Three different experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 showed that glomalin extracted from two polluted soils contained 1.6-4.3 mg Cu, 0.02-0.08 mg Cd, and 0.62-1.12 mg Pb/g glomalin. Experiment 2 showed that glomalin from hyphae of an isolate of Gigaspora rosea sequestered up to 28 mg Cu/g in vitro. Experiment 3 tested in vivo differences in Cu sequestration by Cu-tolerant and non-tolerant isolates of Glomus mosseae colonizing sorghum. Plants were fed with nutrient solution containing 0.5, 10 or 20 microM of Cu. Although no differences between isolates were detected, mean values for the 20 microM Cu level were 1.6, 0.4, and 0.3 mg Cu/g for glomalin extracted from hyphae, from sand after removal of hyphae and from hyphae attached to roots, respectively. Glomalin should be considered for biostabilization leading to remediation of polluted soils.     

Distribution of selected elements and PAH in freshly deposited sediments of waste water streams from Lubin district, Southwest Poland

Nine selected elements (Cu, Pb, As, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd and Fe) were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in 15 samples from the tailings pond (Zelazny Most) and waste water streams (Moskorzynke and Rudna) in the Kupferschiefer mining district in Southwest Poland. Waste water from mining and industry enter the Zelazny Most pond. The water then flows through Moskorzynke and Rudna streams, and discharges into the River Odra. The analytic results indicate that the contamination with Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Co, Cd and Fe extend about 6km along the streams in contrast to the nonpolluted samples close the River Odra. Their concentrations reach a level, which could be toxic for plants, animals and humans. The contamination with Ni and Cr continued at least 20km along Rudna stream. Besides mechanical transport, redox conditions and C_org contents also played an important role for trace element and Fe contamination in Rudna stream. The samples with high C_org contents have also high contents of trace metals. In Moskorzynke stream the element contamination was mainly caused by mechanical transport of particles. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), which is abundant in Kupferschiefer, is toxic for animals and humans. The PAH concentration in the stream sediments was determined by GC and GC/MS. The results indicate that the contamination of PAH reaches 6 and 17mgkg_–1 in samples TP1 and RS6, respectively. In the other samples, the PAH contents are lower than 3mgkg_–1. Some PAH could be solved by waste water in the tailings pond and migrated to the stream sediments. Some PAH might be contained in particles which were transported mechanically from the tailings pond into stream sediments.     

Prevention and mitigation of injuries and damages arising from the activity of subliminal enterprises: A case study in Slovakia

The paper focuses on risk sources under no legislative pressure in the field of prevention of major accidents. Despite this, they can represent significant sources of risk of accidents.The aim of the paper is to present the results of the risk assessment associated with the operation of enterprises not regulated by the SEVESO III Directive (the so-called subliminal enterprises), to provide information on possible operational problems and to verify the applicability of recognized risk analysis methods for these specific sources of risk. Last but not least, its purpose is to point out that subliminal enterprises, due to their location close to residential areas or areas with a high concentration of population, pose a serious risk to the population.The paper summarizes the results of the quantitative risk assessment of a specific enterprise not included in the Seveso Directive – a filling station. Filling stations are frequently located in built-up areas with a dense coefficient of habitability. Due to their number, location (e.g. close to residential areas), frequency of occurrence of persons in the area and handling of dangerous substances during normal operation, they can have negative or even tragic consequences to the life and health of the population.Due to the non-existent risk assessment methodology for enterprises with subliminal quantities of dangerous substances and the lack of a systematic search for risk sources, a risk assessment procedure for these companies is designed.