天山北坡经济带城市PM2.5质量浓度时空分布及模拟分析

PM_2.5扩散/积聚有着复杂的物理、化学过程,其时空变化与前体污染物及气象条件密切相关.为探究区域城市ρ（PM_2.5）的变化规律,以天山北坡经济带城市为研究区,采用2015年1月-2017年10月大气污染物监测数据和气象数据,结合数理统计和GIS空间分析技术,分析研究区ρ（PM_2.5）的时空变化特征;借助普通OLS（最小二乘法）分析影响因子的多重相关性,通过PLS（偏最小二乘）法构建ρ（PM_2.5）估算模型.结果表明:①研究区各城市小时ρ（PM_2.5）呈"W"型双峰变化;各月份ρ（PM_2.5）呈"U"型特征,月均值为59.5 μg/m3,2月和9月分别为ρ（PM_2.5）最高月和最低月;各季节ρ（PM_2.5）排序为冬季（146.6 μg/m3）＞秋季（35.2 μg/m3）＞春季（34.1 μg/m3）＞夏季（26.8 μg/m3）;空间上ρ（PM_2.5）由西北部克拉玛依市向东南部乌鲁木齐市逐渐增大.②PLS法构建模型能有效克服自变量多重相关性的问题,模型可解释自变量95.7%和因变量80.1%的变异信息,年均模拟值与实测值偏差为9.82%.③研究区各城市ρ（PM_2.5）与ρ（CO）的相关性极显著,与气象因子中的风速和气温的相关性较显著,而与相对湿度的相关性不显著.研究显示,基于前体污染物和气象因子的PLS法构建模型是模拟ρ（PM_2.5）的有效方法.      

Variation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Ithomiinae: A comparative study between species feeding on Apocynaceae and Solanaceae

Summary The primitive, Apocynaceae-feeding Ithomiine,Tithorea harmonia, incorporates dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its larval foodplant (Prestonia acutifolia), rarely visiting PA sources pharmacophagously in the adult; females show higher concentrations of PAs than males, with similar variance. The close relativeAeria olena (feeding onP. coalita, without PAs) shows similar PA concentrations in both sexes and greater variation in males, like more advanced Solanaceae-feeding Ithomiine such asMechanitis polymnia, which likeA. olena obtain PAs by pharmacophagy in the adult (mainly males). This difference is due to the dynamics of PA incorporation in these species. Little variation in PA content was found among allopatric populations of the same species, but variation in available PA sources in different months was correlated with different average storage levels in the butterflies.     

Bronchial contamination with toxic metals in mineral-based industrial areas of India

Selected toxic metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni and Mn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 55 samples of bronchial washouts obtained from patients with respiratory ailments. These subjects either worked or lived in industrial locations which have mineral-based industries such as steel plants, thermal power plants, cement plants, limestone mines and iron ore mines. Half of the samples analysed were from the plant workers and the other half from the non-workers living in the respective industrial areas. Samples from subjects living outside the industrial areas were also collected and analysed. The highest occurrence of toxic metals was found in the subjects living in the steel plant area. The occurrence was of the order: steel plant > thermal power plant > cement plant > iron ore mines > limestone mines > non industrial areas. Plant workers showed a higher presence of metals in their respiratory tracts compared to the non-workers in each industrial area. Higher depositions were noticed in areas of coal-fired industries compared to non-coal-fired industries. Zn, Cu and Pb were more likely to reach the respiratory tracts. The occurrences were found to increase with the age of the subjects. A slightly higher susceptibility to bronchial contamination was noticed in females.To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

Sequestration of plant secondary compounds by butterflies and moths

Summary A number of aposematic butterfly and moth species sequester toxic substances from their host plants. Some of these insects can detect the toxic compounds during food assessment. Some pipevine swallowtails use aristolochic acids among the host finding cues during oviposition and larval feeding and accumulate the toxins in the body tissues throughout all life stages. Likewise, a danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, which sequesters high concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the body, lays eggs in response to the specific alkaloid components contained in the apocynad host. Insect species sharing the same poisonous host plants may differ in the degree of sequestration of toxins. Two closely ralated aposematic geometrid moth species,Arichanna gaschkevitchii andA. melanaria, sequester a series of highly toxic diterpenoids (grayanotoxins) in different degrees, while a cryptic geometrid species,Biston robstus, does not sequester the toxins, illustrating the diversity in adaptation mechanisms even within the same subfamily. By contrast, a number of lepidopteran species store the same compounds though feeding upon taxonomically diverse plant species. A bitter cyanoglycoside, sarmentosin, was characterised from several moth species in the Geometridae, Zygaenidae and Yponomeutidae, and from the apollo butterflies,Parnassius spp. (Papilionidae), although each species feeds on different groups of plants.Interspecific similarities and differences in life history and ecology are discussed in relation to variable characteristics of sequestration of plant compounds among these lepidopteran insects.     

Indicators for Chemicals: Sources,impacts and policy performance (5 pp)

Background Different types of indicators have been developed to describe the impact of chemicals on society and environment. Due to the high number of substances and their different types of use, most of these indicators are directed to specific areas of interest – regarding workplace safety, environmental health or consumer health. They address a specific subset of chemicals and can be used for monitoring enterprise-specific, national or international management measures. Main Features A survey of existing indicators for chemicals has shown that indicators already exist for a remarkable number of problem fields. As soon as the release and the environmental fate of chemicals are taken into account, the complexity of the approaches increases considerably. The distinction between indicators for drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses, as proposed by the European Environmental Agency, supports the identification of proper indicators for a specific type of problem. Discussion and Conclusions. No single indicator exists which is able to cover the whole range of chemicals and their applications. Several indicator approaches cover at least a subset of the most relevant substances. If they are intended to be used for European monitoring, robust data must be provided by EU Member States. Chemicals in enterprises (ancillary inputs as well as process chemicals) are an important element of in-plant material flow management – in terms of occupational safety and health as well as environmental protection. Existing indicators for hazardous chemicals can be a valuable tool for process and product refinement regarding hazardous chemicals, especially for enterprises. Outlook Indicators for production and impact of chemicals, as well as policy performance indicators, are essential elements in order to monitor the management of chemicals. They have to be established for the national and for the EU level.     

松花江中游(哨口-松花江村段)水中有毒有机物污染研究

1983—1990年,在松花江中游(哨口—松花江村)138公里江段中,进行七次五断面追踪水团采样,采用高分子微球GDX—502吸附富集,GC定性定量,GC/MS定性验证。依据有机物检出率、毒性持久性、有点源排放、分析方法适用等因素,筛选出65种主要有毒有机物。化合物总浓度逐年降低,石油烷烃、芳烃浓度增加;属致癌致变性化合物21种,EPA优测物21种,建议的优先控制黑名单20种;有点源排入的占90％以上,污染源来自吉化主要入江污水口;封冰期比其它水文期污染增强;该江段污染特征为氯代链烃、氯代苯类、硝基芳烃种类多、浓度高,应为重点控制对象。     

Preface

A new method for generating reactive species to destroy toxic organic chemicals has been developed. This method reacts yellow phosphorus with O₂, in moist air to produce species such as O,O₃, PO, and PO₂, which are capable of reacting with various types of organics. Toxic organic com-pounds are converted to small molecular wight organic acids, aldehydes, and/or alcohols, while yel-low phosphonis is oxidital into phosphoric acid, which may be recovered as a valuable byproduct.This technique has ben demonstrated to be effective for destroying many types of toxic organiccompounds. including PAH, aromatic chlorides, amines, alcohols, and acids, nitro-aromatics,heterocyclic hydrocarbons, PCB, aliphatic chlorides and sulfides, dyes, and pesticides.     

Toxic effects of selenium on marine fish

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还原性物质对化学需氧量（COD）测定的影响及消除方法

文中论述了还原性物质Cl^-、NO2^-、Fe^2＋、S^2-、NH3、NH^4＋等离子对化学需氧量测定的影响，着重探讨了消除上述离子的方法及原理，从而得出消除氯离子干扰可用银柱法的结论，特别是高氯离子浓度（〉20000mg／D的水样，其效果更佳。NO2^-的干扰可通过加入氨基磺酸来消除。Fe^2＋，S^2-干扰可通过在水样中通入空气，使之氧化除去来加以消除。NH3或NH^4＋干扰的消除，可通过除去水中的氯离子或用低浓度的K2C2O7溶液测定来加以消除。     

嫌气条件下土壤中有机还原性物质的动态变化

利用示差脉冲伏安法研究了不同有机物料在嫌气培养条件下产生的有机还原性物质的动态变化．结果表明：在培养起始阶段，强还原性有机物质的数量迅速增加，以后逐渐下降．不同有机物料所产生的有机还原性物质的强度和数量各不相同。培养初期，有机还原性物质种类较多，长时间培养后，部分还原能力较弱的有机物质消失。长时间培养后。嫌气培养液中强还原性有机物质可能与金属离子作用，使其活性降低。