基于RFID技术的剧毒危化品物流服务平台研究

为了提高我国的剧毒危化品物流安全监管和信息化水平。结合剧毒品氰化钾的物流过程,提出一个基于RFID技术的剧毒危化品物流服务平台解决方案。研究的重点是适用于剧毒品氰化钾圆罐的主动式RFID电子标签研发,以及RFID中间件和基于B/S的应用系统开发。通过剧毒品物流服务平台的开发,表明该方案从数据采集、网络传输、智能应用3个层次解决剧毒品物流中监控和信息共享等问题,实现剧毒品仓储、运输过程安全监管和物流管理及服务的信息化。此外,该平台符合物联网建设的整体结构,其扩展能力强。     

有机污染物生物有效性的评价方法

环境中有机污染物的生物有效性评价对生物修复、生态毒性和环境风险研究有着重要的意义.本文概括了影响有机污染物生物有效性的因素,综述了近年来有机污染物生物有效性评价方法的发展与应用,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

干旱胁迫对文心兰抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响

以切花文心兰＂黄金2号＂（Oncidium Gower Ramsey‘Gold 2’）幼苗及成熟苗为材料,用盆栽控制浇水模拟干旱的方法,对不同程度干旱胁迫下其叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化进行研究。结果表明,文心兰＂黄金2号＂具有一定的耐旱性。随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,文心兰幼苗及成熟苗的相对含水量和相对电导率变化慢、幅度小,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性能保持一定水平,渗透调节物质可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量持续上升,表明文心兰＂黄金2号＂对干旱胁迫具有较强的适应能力。     

3种胡枝子抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质对干旱和增强UV-B辐射的动态响应

为探究干旱和增强UV-B辐射对3种胡枝子(美丽胡枝子、二色胡枝子、牛枝子)抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了正常生长(CK)、干旱胁迫(D)、增强UV-B辐射(UV-B)及二者复合胁迫(D+UV-B)下各植物叶片中抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的动态响应.结果表明:3种处理下各植物叶片中SOD活性较对照值均呈先下降后上升趋势,且与单因子处理相比,牛枝子和二色胡枝子在复合胁迫下其SOD活性更高;增强UV-B辐射和复合处理下POD活性随胁迫时间总体呈先上升后下降趋势;CAT活性在干旱和复合胁迫下高于对照值,而在增强UV-B辐射下较对照值有所下降.3种植物叶片渗透调节物质含量(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸)在各处理中较对照值均有所增加,并呈先上升后下降趋势,但种间差异显著.3种处理均导致各植物叶片内MDA含量不同程度的升高,升高幅度的大小依次为牛枝子＞美丽胡枝子＞二色胡枝子.通过隶属函数法综合评价得出,复合处理下二色胡枝子和美丽胡枝子具有较强的抗氧化能力,牛枝子抗氧化能力较弱.综上,与干旱胁迫和增强UV-B辐射相比,复合胁迫对植物的伤害程度更小,说明干旱与增强UV-B辐射可以相互缓减彼此对植物的伤害,且美丽胡枝子和二色胡枝子在抵抗干旱胁迫和增强UV-B辐射方面具有一定优势.     

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Humic Substances Produced During Cellulose Decomposition

Humic substances (HS) produced during the aerobic decomposition of polysaccharides still need to be recognized as such and characterized. Humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids extracted at different time intervals during composting of cotton residues from carding, where no decomposition of lignin occurred, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) size exclusion chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Throughout the experiment, fulvic acids possessed a larger number of carboxyl groups but a lower number of weak acidic groups (negatively charged acid groups at pH 11) than humic acids. the number of carboxyl groups increased with time in both fulvic and humic acids, while that of phenolic groups decreased. Infrared spectra showed that the ratio between carboxyl and methyl groups decreased from 8.5 to 4 in FA after 18 days. This change corresponded with the disappearance of flat sheet structures observed by SEM at pH 6. Our results suggest that the shape of humic molecules as observed by SEM reflects the strength of hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions with the solvent molecules. About 80% of FA molecules had a molecular weight lower than 3500 as deduced from column calibration with HS standards obtained by ultrafiltration. About 40% of humic acids were composed of small molecules; only 20% HA had a molecular weight larger than 45000. Polysaccharide-derived HS may not be limited to the high molecular weight poorly transformed fraction containing bonded polysaccharide structures, but may also consist of low molecular weight components with no structural similarity to the original material.     

西安市冬季道路扬尘中有机质组成特征及其氧化潜势

道路是城市人群户外活动暴露大气颗粒物的主要场所,道路颗粒物中含有的某些氧化活性物质是诱导产生活性氧,进而危害人体健康的重要组分.探索西安市道路扬尘中水溶性(WSM)和甲醇溶性组分(MSM)中有机质组成特征及其氧化潜势(OP),并基于平行因子分析(PARAFAC)研究了有机组分以及分布状况,还分析有机质类型与OP之间的相关性.结果表明,西安市道路扬尘中水不溶性组分含有更多的发色团有机物质,其总浓度平均值为(4.71±1.27)×10⁴ R.U.,是WSM的12倍[(3.96±1.10)×10³ R.U.],其中低氧化性类腐殖质(HULIS)是主要有机质(占总有机质的34.8%～43.7%).聚类分析结果显示西安市道路扬尘中有机质的重要来源为燃料燃烧和工业生产.扬尘氧化毒性(以DTT计)的平均值是(0.34±0.08) pmol·(min·μg)^-1,其中水不溶性组分提供了扬尘颗粒物总氧化毒性的70%,是水溶性组分的2.4倍.扬尘颗粒物氧化毒性的主要前驱物为金属元素,特殊类型的有机物质也是重要氧化毒性前驱物质之一,其中发色团...     

中、韩滨海城市化区域水体全氟化合物的空间特征及生态风险

本研究以全氟化合物（perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）为研究对象,选择人类活动强度大的中、韩滨海城市化地区为研究区域,采集了126份水体及125份沉积物样品,通过固相萃取和高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC/MS-MS）的方法,分析了水体及沉积物中的15种PFASs.结果表明,PFASs在水体和沉积物中全部检出,水体中PFASs总质量浓度范围为6.75~20982 ng·L^-1,沉积物中PFASs含量（以干重计）范围为0.229~53.8 ng·g^-1.区域对比发现,中国滨海城市化地区水体和沉积物中PFASs含量相对较高以长链PFOA为主,而韩国水体中则以短链PFBA和PFPeA为主,沉积物中以PFOS、PFBA和PFOA为主.PFASs在水体和沉积物中的分配系数与沉积物中有机碳的含量、PFASs碳链长度有密切关联,15种化合物中有9种化合物的分配系数与有机碳含量存在显著相关性（r>0.21,P<0.05）,随着碳链长度的增加分配系数也平稳增加.生态风险分析结果表明,中、韩滨海城市化地区水体和沉积物中PFASs含量整体较低,尚处于较低风险水平,但存在严重局部污染问题,应当重视其对人体造成的潜在健康风险.     

Characterization of changes in extracellular polymeric substances and heavy metal speciation of waste activated sludge during typical oxidation solubilization processes

Biopolymer solubilization is considered to be the rate-limiting stage of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge(WAS). Oxidation processes have been proven to be effective in disrupting sludge flocs and causing solubilization of the solid biopolymers. In this study,WAS was treated by NaNO2 or H2 O2 oxidation at p H of 2. The changes in extracellular polymeric substances properties and the speciation of heavy metals were investigated. The results revealed that both NaNO2 and H2 O2 treatments were effective in solubilizing organics in WAS, while the conversion of biopolymers in the two treatment processes was different. Free nitrous acid destroyed the gel network structure of EPS, and organic materials were released from the solid phase to the supernatant. Indigenous peroxidase catalyzed H2 O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals which caused significant solubilization of biopolymers, and the protein-like substances were further degraded into micro-molecule polypeptides or amino acids at high dosages of H2 O2. During the oxidation processes, Zn, Cd and Cu, with excellent mobility, tended to migrate to the supernatant, and thus were easy to remove through the liquid–solid separation process. Ni and As showed moderate migration ability, of which the residual fraction tended to transform into reducible and soluble fractions. With poor mobility, Cr and Pb mainly existed in the forms of residual and oxidizable fractions, which were difficult to dissolve and remove from WAS. Both NaNO2 and H2 O2 treatment resulted in the enhancement of sludge solubilization efficiency and heavy metal mobility in WAS, but different heavy metals showed distinct migration and transformation behaviors.     

蓝藻胞外聚合物对供水管网水质的影响

针对游离态蓝藻胞外聚合物（EPS）在常规水处理工艺中不易去除、残留蓝藻EPS极易进入供水管网的特性,研究了蓝藻EPS对供水管网水质变化及生物稳定性的影响.针对管道使用时限分析了不同管道内部产生附膜条件下,蓝藻EPS对供水管网中余氯、浑浊度、生物稳定性、有机组分等主要水质指标变化规律的影响.结果表明,蓝藻EPS加快了管网余氯衰减速度,导致管网水质浑浊度在12~24h后即超出生活饮用水卫生标准上限,并使管网水质生物稳定性降低,BDOC在72h内增加37.2~39.5%,AOC增加365~393%,总活菌数升高18~20倍.阐明了蓝藻水华爆发时期净水厂出厂水残留蓝藻EPS在管网余氯存在前提下,仍然能够作为微生物营养基质和代谢能量,而促进管道内细菌生长繁殖,增加微生物代谢活性,刺激微生物胞外有机组分分泌释放,导致管网水质二次污染.     

岷江流域全氟化合物的污染特征及排放通量

采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱分析了四川省岷江流域水体中13种全氟化合物（PFASs）的浓度水平.结果表明,岷江流域水相中PFASs的浓度为1.54~30.2ng/L,平均值为（11.2±8.0）ng/L,浓度最高点出现在乐山下游（30.2ng/L）.其中,岷江流域水相中最主要的PFASs为全氟丁烷羧酸（PFBA）,浓度为0.16~28.4ng/L,占总全氟化合物的54.0%~94.1%（都江堰除外）.岷江流域沉积物中PFASs浓度最高点在宜宾三江（岷江、金沙江和长江）汇合处（47.5ng/g dw）,最低值在都江堰（0.334ng/g dw）.其中,主要的PFASs是全氟己烷羧酸（PFHxA）（4.44%~66.9%）和全氟辛烷羧酸（PFOA）（1.52%~77.5%）.岷江流域PFASs的年排放通量为1.443t/a,排放通量最高的为PFBA（1.037t/a）,占总排放通量的71.9%.