胞外聚合物物理法提取过程的优化

对物理法提取活性污泥中的胞外聚合物(EPS)进行了优化.分别考察了超声时间、振摇时间、离心速度和时间以及加热时间对EPS的松散附着(LB)和紧密粘附(TB)提取的影响,得出污泥EPS物理法提取的优化方案.     

建筑装修材料有毒物质的危害效应及防治对策

介绍了建筑装修材料及其有毒物质的主要来源;详述其对居民健康和生态环境的危害效应,提出防治对策。     

T-S模糊神经网络在厌氧反应器预测中的应用

3个厌氧反应器运行稳定后,用三氯甲烷和2、4-二硝基酚作为毒物负荷对它们进行了冲击试验.利用负荷冲击试验所得的数据集建立了T-S模糊神经网络,并用其预测了反应器的容积产气率、挥发性脂肪酸和CH4体积含量.研究结果表明,基于某一反应器建立的T-S模糊神经网络可以很好地预测毒物负荷冲击下该反应器的容积产气率、挥发性脂肪酸和CH4变化规律,实测值与预测值的相关系数均＞0.850;但是基于某一反应器建立的模糊神经网络用来预测其他反应器时,其预测能力较差,预测值和实测值的相关系数基本上＜0.500.     

1,4-二氯苯对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应

研究不同质量浓度的1,4-二氯苯(1,4-DCB)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的生长状况、蛋白质含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD酶活性)和脂质过氧化丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,检测1,4-DCB对海洋微藻的毒性效应及其毒性机理.结果表明:1,4-DCB对蛋白核小球藻的生长有一定的抑制作用,该效应表现出一定的浓度和时间依赖性;1,4-DCB处理4 d后,蛋白核小球藻细胞蛋白质含量和叶绿素含量下降,SOD酶活性降低,MDA含量升高,这表明1,4-DCB通过产生活性氧自由基引起脂质及其他生物大分子的氧化损伤可能是1,4-DCB对蛋白核小球藻产生毒害效应的主要机制,受有机物污染后藻类作为饵料的价值降低.      

好氧活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响因素研究

研究了4种活性污泥处理工艺和两种污泥培养基质对好氧活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的影响,包括对EPS总量和组分的影响。EPS的提取总量以TOC来表示,并以DNA的浓度来衡量提取过程中细胞裂解的程度。结果发现,处理工艺不同,导致EPS的含量和组成不相同,主要体现在蛋白质和多糖含量比的不同;淀粉基质培养的污泥的EPS总量平均值比葡萄糖基质培养的污泥的EPS总量平均值略高一些,它们都比实际污水处理厂污泥的EPS含量高。     

翻堆对好氧堆肥腐殖质电子转移能力的影响

开展了连续通风和翻堆两种典型的通风方式进行污泥好氧堆肥,通过分析堆肥腐殖质中富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)的光谱特征以及本底/化学还原容量(NRC/CRC)的时态变化,研究其对污泥好氧堆肥过程中富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)的形成和电子转移能力(ETCs)的影响.结果表明:与翻堆处理相比,连续通风处理促进了堆肥FA和HA中类蛋白质组分的减少和类腐殖质组分的增加,强化了高温期和腐熟期FA的电子转移能力(CRC分别增加了176.55和123.24μmol e^-/gC),但降低了HA和升温期FA的电子转移能力(CRC分别降低了246.47和116.13μmol e-/gC).相关性分析表明,影响污泥堆肥腐殖质电子转移能力的主要因素为pH值、SUVA₂₅₄、SUVA₂₉₀和类蛋白质组分,翻堆处理促进了类腐殖质组分对腐殖质电子转移能力的影响.     

避难硐室气体防毒安全性研究

为研究灾变时期井下避难硐室进出口有毒气体CO入侵弥散问题,基于等效原理,利用Gambit软件建立地面钻孔正压通风避难硐室物理模型和开门状态下有毒气体进入避难硐室的流体力学原理及气体弥散数学模型,并利用Fluent软件模拟钻孔压风量与室内CO浓度变化关系,提出在避难硐室的隔离门前加装门衬的办法,使避难人员穿过避难硐室门时...     

微塑料在哺乳动物的暴露途径、毒性效应和毒性机制浅述

微塑料广泛存在于大气、土壤和水体环境中,其对人体的危害正受到广泛关注.本文阐述了当前对微塑料在哺乳动物的暴露途径、毒性作用和毒性机制的认识.空气-呼吸系统、食物/饮水-消化系统以及洗漱/护肤产品-皮肤等都是目前最常见的微塑料人体暴露途径,其中消化系统暴露是最主要的方式.目前的研究显示肠道、肝脏和肾脏是主要的微塑料富集部...     

Surfactive stabilization of multi-walled carbon nanotube dispersions with dissolved humic substances

Soil humic substances (HS) stabilize carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersions, a mechanism we hypothesized arose from the surfactive nature of HS. Experiments dispersing multi-walled CNT in solutions of dissolved Aldrich humic acid (HA) or water-extractable Catlin soil HS demonstrated enhanced stability at 150 and 300 mg L⁻¹ added Aldrich HA and Catlin HS, respectively, corresponding with decreased CNT mean particle diameter (MPD) and polydispersivity (PD) of 250 nm and 0.3 for Aldrich HA and 450 nm and 0.35 for Catlin HS. Analogous trends in MPD and PD were observed with addition of the surfactants Brij 35, Triton X-405, and SDS, corresponding to surfactant sorption maximum. NEXAFS characterization showed that Aldrich HA contained highly surfactive domains while Catlin soil possessed a mostly carbohydrate-based structure. This work demonstrates that the chemical structure of humic materials in natural waters is directly linked to their surfactive ability to disperse CNT released into the environment.     

Effect of humic matter on metal adsorption onto clay materials: Testing the linear additive model

Migration of contaminants with low affinity for the aqueous phase is essentially governed by interaction with mobile carriers such as humic colloids. Their impact is, however, not sufficiently described by interaction constants alone since the humic carriers themselves are subject to a solid–liquid distribution that depends on geochemical parameters.In our study, co-adsorption of the REE terbium (as an analogue of trivalent actinides) and humic acid onto three clay materials (illite, montmorillonite, Opalinus clay) was investigated as a function of pH. ¹⁶⁰Tb(III) and ¹³¹I-labelled humic acid were employed as radiotracers, allowing experiments at very low concentrations to mimic probable conditions in the far-field of a nuclear waste repository. Humate complexation of Tb was examined by anion and cation exchange techniques, also considering competitive effects of metals leached from the clay materials.The results revealed that desorption of metals from clay barriers, occurring in consequence of acidification processes, is generally counteracted in the presence of humic matter. For all clay materials under study, adsorption of Tb was found to be enhanced in neutral and acidic systems with humic acid, which is explained by additional adsorption of humic-bound Tb.A commonly used composite approach (linear additive model) was tested for suitability in reconstructing the solid–liquid distribution of Tb in ternary systems (Tb/humic acid/clay) on the basis of data determined for binary subsystems. The model can qualitatively explain the influence of humic acid as a function of pH, but it failed to reproduce our experimental data quantitatively. It appears that the elementary processes (metal adsorption, metal–humate complexation, humic acid adsorption) cannot be considered to be independent of each other. Possible reasons are discussed.