Monitoring the Trihalomethanes Present in Water After Treatment with Chlorine Under Laboratory Condition

In this work assays involving chlorinated water samples, which were previous spiked with humic substances or algae blue green and following the production of the THMs for 30 days is described. To implement the assays, five portions of 1,000 ml of water were stored in glass bottles. The water samples were treated with solutions containing 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg l⁻¹ chlorine. The samples aliquots (60 ml) were transferred into the glass vials, 10 ml were removed to have a headspace and 100 μl of the 10 mg l⁻¹ pentafluortoluene bromide solution was added to each vial. The extraction step was performed by adding 10 g of Na₂SO₄ followed by 5 ml of n-pentane. The vials were stopped with a TFE-faced septum and sealed with aluminum caps. The generated THMs were determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detector using reference solutions with concentration ranging from 8 to 120 μg l⁻¹ THMs. Three assays were monitored during 30 days and chloroform was the predominant compound found in the water samples, while other species of THMs were not detected. The results showed that when the chlorine concentration was increased in water samples containing algae the concentration of THM varied randomly. Nevertheless, in water samples containing humic substances the increase of the THM concentration presented a relationship with the chlorine concentration. It was also observed that chloroform concentration increased with the elapsed time up to one and six days to water samples spiked with humic substances and algae blue green, respectively and decreased along 30 days. By other hand, assays performed using water samples containing decanted algae material showed that THM was not generated by the chlorine addition.     

铜在沉积物不同稳定性组分上的吸附特征

沉积物中不同成分的稳定性对重金属的迁移转化有重要影响。按照在自然条件下不同成分的稳定性将沉积物分为3个组分(轻组(LF)、腐殖质(HS)、去除HS的重组(HFRHS))。研究了铜在沉积物及其不同组分上的吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及pH对吸附的影响。结果表明,在沉积物中,LF与HS对吸附铜的速率起控制作用,而HFRHS是主要的吸附组分,pH对铜的吸附有较大影响。在自然环境中,控制LF和HS的迁移转化,可以有效降低铜的迁移能力,减小对环境的影响。     

SRT对A2/O-MBBR工艺中聚磷菌特性的影响

采用强化生物除磷系统(A~2/O-MBBR)联合工艺,在不同污泥龄(SRT)(20 d、15 d、10 d、6 d、3 d)的条件下,考察A~2/O系统各区聚磷菌生化代谢特性的变化。结果表明,A~2/O-MBBR联合工艺采用双泥系统,分相培养了硝化菌和聚磷菌,该系统的微环境有利于自养型硝化菌的生长和积累,硝化反应已不是A~2/O-MBBR联合工艺运行的限制因素,SRT缩短对系统中总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(COD)去除效果影响不大,可溶性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除率随SRT缩短而逐步上升,SRT为3 d时去除率最大为94%。聚-β-羟基丁酸(PHB)是聚磷菌(PAOs)去除污染物所需碳源和能量的中转站,在胞内聚合物与能量转化过程中起重要作用,不同SRT下胞内聚合物的代谢含量与释磷、吸磷含量有密切关系,代谢量越多,释磷、吸磷量越多。SRT为6 d时,厌氧段聚磷菌具有最佳的释磷性能,形成了具有显著释磷作用的菌种。缺氧区胞内聚合物代谢规律与好氧区相似,对于反硝化聚磷菌来说,在SRT为10 d时对PHB的利用率最高,代谢活性最好;而对于传统聚磷菌来说,在SRT为6 d时其代谢性能最佳,且聚磷菌占全菌比例最大。短泥龄条件有利于提高胞内聚合物的单位污泥质量分数、驯化出积累PHB质量分数较高的微生物种群,其中SRT为6 d时各胞内聚合物含量最高,A~2/O-MBBR联合工艺的处理效果最佳。     

4种实用配方饲料对锦鲤诱食活性和生长的影响

试验用鱼选择锦鲤.根据动物摄食行为学原理,采用迷宫法和摄食率法为试验方法,配制4种添加甘氨酸的实用饵料,研究其对锦鲤诱食活性和生长的影响,实验结果用Excel和SPSS17.0软件进行分析.结果表明,4种实用饵料都对锦鲤具有诱食反应.其中,火棘(35m甘氨酸)P=0.003＜ 0.05,浒苔(35mg甘氨酸)P=0.001＜0.05,诱食效果有极显著意义.与对照组相比,喂食实用饵料的锦鲤增重率都有所提高,其中浒苔+50mg甘氨酸最为明显,达到8.44％,饵料系数降低到4.123.     

盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响

为探讨盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响,采用三维荧光(3D-EEM)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)技术,研究了不同盐度下升流式厌氧污泥流化床(UASB)中污泥的松散结合型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)与紧密结合型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)的变化规律,并分析了LB-EPS和TB-EPS与污泥沉降性间的关系.结果表明,进水盐度由0逐渐增加至8%,厌氧污泥LB-EPS和TB-EPS含量分别由4.94和12.25 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计)增加至41.47和43.04 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计);LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白(PN)和多糖(PS)含量的比值分别由3.2和3.8降低至1.8和2.3;污泥容积指数(SVI)与LB-EPS、TB-EPS均正相关;3D-EEM光谱显示,色氨酸蛋白和芳环蛋白荧光峰存在于不同盐度下LB-EPS和TB-EPS中,类胡敏酸荧光峰仅存在于盐度高于4%的TB-EPS中;FTIR分析表明,进水盐度的增加导致LB-EPS和TB-EPS中PS的C—O组分相对含量增加.     

基于嗅觉效应的土壤苯系物关键因子识别及安全阈值研究

以某化工退役地块为例,从化学浓度及异味贡献两个角度对比了典型土壤气样品中苯系物的污染特征;并从嗅觉效应的角度,研究推导了基于嗅觉效应的主要致嗅组分土壤安全阈值,为污染地块异味风险控制提供理论依据.该地块土壤气组分中以苯浓度最高,其次为氯苯,分别占苯系物总质量浓度的67.3%和10.1%.从异味贡献来看,核心致嗅成分为乙苯,占土壤气总异味活度值的53.2%;其次为甲苯,异味贡献平均占比为14.1%.基于地块未来公园绿地规划,构建了长期及短期两种异味暴露场景下的概念模型和计算公式.经分析计算,短期（涉及建设开挖）的异味暴露风险较长期异味暴露风险更需引起关注.土壤中关键致嗅因子乙苯、甲苯、苯、间/对-二甲苯的土壤异味安全阈值分别为12.9、35、559.3和60.7 mg·kg^-1.将计算所得的安全阈值与现行土壤标准相较,以甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的反差最为显著.研究结果表明：存在异味的污染地块,应同时兼顾考虑毒理学健康效应和基于嗅觉效应的安全阈值,确保污染地块的安全利用.     

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in matched human serum, urine, hair and nail

The purpose of this study was to determine perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in human serum, urine, hair and nail from general populations, and to investigate the possibility for human urine, hair and nail used as the biomonitoring sample for PFASs exposure. We detected the concentrations of PFHx A, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUn DA, PFDo A, PFHx S and PFOS in 39 matched human serum, urine, hair and nail samples from Shenzhen in China. The detection frequency and the median level of PFOS were all higher than that of the other PFASs in four matrices. The median concentration of PFOS in serum, urine, hair, and nail were 9.24 ng/mL, 13.96 ng/L, 0.58 ng/g and 0.63 ng/g, respectively. The results of spearman correlation test indicated that nail was an ideal matrix for biomonitoring PFOS rather than human urine and hair in general populations for the non-invasive sampling.     

Critical review of EPS production, synthesis and composition for sludge flocculation

Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) produced by microorganisms represent biological macromolecules with unfathomable potentials and they are required to be explored further for their potential application as a bioflocculant in various wastewater sludge treatment. Although several studies already exist on biosynthetic pathways of different classical biopolymers like alginate and xanthan, no dedicated studies are available for EPS in sludge. This review highlights the EPS composition, functionality, and biodegradability for its potential use as a carbon source for production of other metabolites. Furthermore, the effect of various extraction methods(physical and chemical) on compositional, structural, physical and functional properties of microbial EPS has been addressed. The vital knowledge of the effect of extraction method on various important attributes of EPS can help to choose the suitable extraction method depending upon the intended use of EPS. The possible use of different molecular biological techniques for enhanced production of desired EPS was summarized.     

pH值对活性污泥胞外聚合物分子结构和表面特征影响研究

为明确胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）对污水污泥性质的影响机制,通过改变pH值,考察了市政废水和饮料废水2种活性污泥胞外聚合物组分变化,采用红外光谱对比分析了pH值对EPS分子结构的影响,并通过胶体滴定测定其表面电荷,最终结合活性污泥提取EPS前后扫描电子显微镜观察,从宏观上佐证了表面特性和分子结构分析.结果表明,强酸条件下（pH 3）,可提取EPS比中性条件下时下降50%,其中多糖下降约30%,蛋白质下降约65%～70%;在强碱条件下（pH 11）,可提取EPS比pH 7时升高20%～30%,其中多糖升高约15%,蛋白质升高20%～50%.红外光谱分析表明,羟基在强酸强碱条件下均发生了变化,羧酸、多聚糖、酚类和蛋白质肽键在强酸条件下（pH 3）消失;胶体滴定结果表明,2种污泥提取EPS表面负电荷随pH上升而下降;扫描电镜分析表明,相对于碱性条件下,酸性条件使活性污泥中微生物细胞更易于破碎.pH值可改变活性污泥EPS组分、浓度以及其中基团组成,从而改变EPS表面特性,最终导致污泥状态改变.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的分层组分及其理化性质的变化特征研究

针对活性污泥的胞外聚合物(EPS),采用阳离子交换树脂(CER)法和离心/超声波法对总EPS和分层EPS(由外至内依次为slime,LB-EPS,TB-EPS)分别进行提取,测定EPS中多糖(PS)、蛋白质(PN)和DNA的含量,并对各EPS溶液的理化特性随溶液条件的变化特征进行了探讨.结果表明,EPS的化学组分(PS、PN和DNA)在TB-EPS层中含量最高,其亲水性组分的含量高于疏水性组分,但PN的疏水比高于PS.各层EPS中PS/PN的值对其Zeta电位和等电点有重要的影响.其中,PS/PN越高,各层EPS的Zeta电位越小,分层EPS的等电点越高.各种EPS溶液pH的增加导致其Zeta电位基本呈下降趋势,对应的等电点分别为pH总EPS=2.9、pHslime=2.2、pHLB-EPS=2.3、pHTB-EPS=1.3.离子强度的增加可以导致EPS溶液的电导率呈直线上升,对应的Zeta电位却迅速增加然后趋于稳定,但并未出现电位逆转现象.此外,升高温度(<40℃)可以降低各种EPS溶液的表观黏度,并在40～60℃之间时逐渐趋于稳定.