有毒液化气爆炸与毒害效应比较研究

随着我国化学工业的发展与民用液化气大量使用,液化气储存规模逐步扩大.介绍了有毒液化气发生蒸汽爆炸效应与扩散毒害效应模型,并通过实例计算,着重比较两种效应的影响程度,为相关企业与安全监管部门对有毒液化气等重大危险源监管和应急救援提供参考与科学依据.     

电焊条生产行业的尘毒危害与治理

本文根据电焊条生产行业的特点,对该行业生产过程中的危害工位及其主要尘毒危害进行了分析和论述,并结合实际情况,从工艺技术、设备密闭与通风除尘技术、机械化与自动化技术、个体防护技术、二次扬尘控制技术5方面分析了治理措施,最后提出了适用于电焊条生产行业的防尘毒建议。     

季铵盐抗菌剂在环境中的迁移转化行为及其毒性效应

季铵盐(QACs)是一类广泛使用的阳离子杀菌剂,流感和新冠肺炎大流行导致其使用量剧增.在其使用或使用后处理处置过程中,QACs可通过各种途径释放到环境中,在水体、沉积物和土壤等多种介质中频繁检出.QACs有较强的表面活性和非专一性的生物毒性,对生态系统构成潜在威胁.围绕QACs在环境介质中的迁移转化、生物毒性效应和细菌出现QACs抗性的主要机制等方面,系统梳理了QACs在环境中的迁移转化行为及其潜在的毒性效应.结果发现好氧生物降解是QACs在环境中的主要衰减途径,降解反应以QACs不同位置C的羟基化来起始,后经过脱羧、脱甲基和β-氧化反应,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O.环境浓度的QACs不会对生物产生致死效应,但会显著影响Daphnia magna等水生生物生长繁殖,毒性效应主要受自身结构、受试生物种类和暴露时长等因素影响.探究了QACs对Microcystis aeruginosa急性毒性的作用机制,发现QACs主要通过破坏光合系统,导致电子传递受限,构成氧化胁迫,破坏细胞膜来抑制Microcystis aeruginosa的生长. QACs在...     

Evaluation of the secondary structures of protein in the extracellular polymeric substances extracted from activated sludge by different methods

The changes of protein secondary structures in the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) extracted from activated sludge by four different methods were studied by analyzing the amide I region(1700–1600 cm-1) of the Fourier transform infrared spectra and model protein test. The results showed the molecular weight distribution of organic matter extracted by centrifugation, heating and cation exchange resin(CER) was similar, while the EPS extracted by centrifugation(Control) and CER had similar fluorescent organic matter. The protein secondary structures of extracted EPS by the four methods were different. The similarities of protein secondary structures between the EPS extracted by CER with the Control were the highest among the four extracted EPS. Although the EPS yield extracted by formaldehyde + NaOH method were the highest, its protein secondary structures had the lowest similarity with those extracted by the Control. Additionally, the effects of centrifugation and CER extraction on the secondary structures of bovine serum albumin were also lower than that of other extraction processes. CER enables the second maximum extraction of EPS and maximum retention of the original secondary structure of proteins.     

Simple fabrication of carboxymethyl cellulose and κ-carrageenan composite aerogel with efficient performance in removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotics from water

● A composite aerogel was simply obtained to remove various fluoroquinolones (FQs). ● The structural and textural properties of this composite aerogel are improved. ● Its adsorption capacity was improved at a low content of coexisting Cu²⁺ or Fe³⁺ ion. ● Two substructural analogs of FQs are compared to explore the adsorption mechanisms. ● This aerogel after saturated adsorption can be reused directly for Cu²⁺ adsorption. 3D composite aerogels (CMC-CG) composed of carboxymethyl cellulose and κ-carrageenan were designed and fabricated using the one-pot synthesis technique. The optimized CMC-CG showed a good mechanical property and a high swelling ratio due to its superior textural properties with a proper chemically cross-linked interpenetrating network structure. CMC-CG was utilized for the removal of various fluoroquinolones (FQs) from water and exhibited high adsorption performance because of effective electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding interactions. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a popular FQ, was used as the representative. The optimized CMC-CG had a theoretically maximal CIP uptake of approximately 1.271 mmol/g at the pH of 5.0. The adsorption capacity of CMC-CG was improved in the presence of some cations, Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions, at a low concentration through the bridging effect but was reduced at a high concentration. The investigation of adsorption mechanisms, based on the adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic study, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses before and after adsorption, and changes in the adsorption performance of CMC-CG toward two molecular probes, further indicated that electrostatic attraction was the dominant interaction rather than hydrogen bonding in this adsorption. CMC-CG after saturated adsorption of CIP could be easily regenerated using a dilute NaCl aqueous solution and reused efficiently. Moreover, the disused aerogel could still be reused as a new adsorbent for effective adsorption of Cu²⁺ ion. Overall, this study suggested the promising applications of this composite aerogel as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and recyclable adsorbent for the efficient removal of FQs from water.     

基于多事故模式的有毒易燃气体道路运输泄漏事故应急疏散范围研究

为确定有毒易燃气体道路运输泄漏事故应急救援的应急疏散范围,降低人员伤亡程度,在对泄漏事故及后续次生灾害演化模式分析的基础上,提出了基于多事故模式的应急疏散范围综合确定方法,分析了多事故模式后果预测的相关理论,明确了应急疏散区域综合确定的步骤和流程。以道路运输氨气泄漏事故为例,采用MATLAB软件对不同时间下的中毒和蒸气云爆炸事故伤害范围分别进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：相较于单一事故模式,基于多事故模式的应急疏散范围综合确定方法更为科学、合理和准确,能为有毒易燃气体道路运输泄漏事故的应急疏散提供更加精确和可靠的决策依据。     

利用生物模拟采样技术研究第二松花江中的难降解有机污染物

利用生物模拟被动采样研究第二松花江吉林市段的有毒有机污染物种类，并与鱼的生物富集及沉积物的吸附作用进行了比较。对采样器，鱼类及沉积物样品中难降解有机物的分析可以看出、难降解有机污染物在三者之间的分布有较好的对应关系。生物模拟被动采样技术一定程度上模拟了具有生物有效性的难降解有机污染物的富集过程。     

菹草乙酸乙酯组分抑藻活性物质的分离纯化和鉴定

前期研究表明,菹草乙酸乙酯组分能显著抑制赤潮微藻米氏凯伦藻的生长.在此基础上,采用硅胶柱层析和硅胶GF254薄层层析等方法,分离纯化菹草乙酸乙酯组分中的抑藻活性物质.进一步应用质谱、核磁共振碳谱和氢谱等技术,鉴定抑藻活性物质.结果表明,从菹草乙酸乙酯组分中分离纯化到2种抑藻活性物质.当浓度为16μg·m L-1时,它们对米氏凯伦藻表现出一定的抑藻活性.结构鉴定表明,此2种抑藻活性物质为Trichodermatides B和2-methylheptylisonicotinate.此2种化合物为首次从菹草中分离得到,也是首次从沉水植物中分离得到.     

深圳大气颗粒物中卤代多环芳烃污染研究

利用GC-MS方法分析了卤代多环芳烃在深圳市大气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)中的含量水平.所关注的9种卤代多环芳烃在PM10和PM2.5中的含量范围分别是118~1 476 pg·m-3和89~407 pg·m-3.在PM10和PM2.5样品中,9-Br Ant的含量水平最高,其次是7-Br Ba A和9,10-Br2Ant.深圳市大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃总含量水平表现出冬季秋季春季夏季的季节变化规律,但是各卤代多环芳烃单体含量水平的季节变化特征不同.温度、降水量和相对湿度等气象条件可能是影响大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃含量水平季节变化特征的重要因素.此外,PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃的含量水平与母体多环芳烃之间存在显著的相关关系.最后,本研究估算了卤代多环芳烃的毒性当量,大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃的毒性当量变化范围分别是17.6~86.2 pg·m-3和14.6~70.4 pg·m-3.其中,7-Br Ba A对卤代多环芳烃总毒性当量的贡献最大.结果表明深圳市大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃的总毒性当量低于母体多环芳烃.     

实际污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及其特性研究

采用实际城市污水在序批式反应器(SBR)中试装置中成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥的沉降速率>21 m·h-1,显示了良好的沉降性能.颗粒污泥对化学需氧量(COD)、氮(N)、磷(P)具有同步去除的能力.在3 h的运行周期中,反应器出水COD<50 mg·L-1,氨氮(NH+4-N)<5.0 mg·L-1,总氮(TN)<15 mg·L-1,对TN和总磷(TP)的去除率达到50%.采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)对好氧颗粒污泥的结构分析表明,好氧颗粒污泥的胞外多聚物(EPS)在整个颗粒污泥中均匀地分布,构成颗粒污泥的骨架.对颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析显示,在好氧颗粒污泥的内部存在许多无机矿物质,在颗粒污泥形成初期,废水中的无机成分可能具有"晶核"的作用.