环境中的氧化多环芳烃综述

氧化多环芳烃(OPAHs)是芳环上具有至少一个羰基氧(C=O)的PAH衍生物,广泛存在于环境中.氧化多环芳烃主要通过含碳燃料的燃烧和PAHs的转化释放到环境中,且其较稳定难降解,因此OPAHs被称为生物和化学降解的"末端产物".目前,在多种动物组织样本中都可检测出OPAHs,并发现OPAHs可能比亲代PAHs具有更强的毒性.本文阐述了OPAHs的理化性质、来源、测定方法、环境分布、转运和转化、(生态)毒理学效应及其毒性作用机制,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,进而为该类化合物的环境污染及生态风险评估提供相应参考.     

Evolution of humic substances in polymerization of polyphenol and amino acid based on non-destructive characterization

• Humification evolution was identified with non-destructive characterization method. • Humification process from precursors to fulvic and humic acid was confirmed. • MnO₂ alone had limited oxidation ability to form HA. • MnO₂ played a key role as a catalyst to transform FA to HA in the presence of O₂. • MnO₂ could affect the structure of the humification products. Abiotic humification is important in the formation and evolution of organic matter in soil and compost maturing processes. However, the roles of metal oxides in abiotic humification reactions under micro-aerobic remain ambiguous. The aim of this study was to use non-destructive measurement methods to investigate the role of MnO₂ in the evolution of humic substances (HSs) during oxidative polymerization of polyphenol-amino acid. Our results suggested a synergistic effect between MnO₂ and O₂ in promoting the polymerization reaction and identified that MnO₂ alone had a limited ability in accelerating the transformation of fulvic acid (FA) to humic acid (HA), whereas O₂ was the key factor in the process. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) showed that the evolution in the UV-vis spectra followed the order of 475–525 nm>300–400 nm>240–280 nm in the humification process, indicating the formation of simple organic matter followed by FA and then HA. ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR) analysis revealed that the products under both air and N₂ conditions in the presence of MnO₂ had greater amounts of aromatic-C than in the absence of MnO₂, demonstrating that MnO₂ affected the structure of the humification products. The results of this study provided new insights into the theory of abiotic humification.     

耐受重金属的芘降解真菌的筛选及芘降解动力学研究

为了提高复合污染土壤修复的微生物资源的丰富度,为混合菌群修复污染土壤积累资料,利用多环芳烃-重金属双抗培养基在污染土壤中筛选得到一株对Cu和Cd有高耐受性的芘降解真菌,经分子生物学鉴定为米曲霉。探究了米曲霉对芘污染水体的降解效果及对重金属Cu和Cd的耐受程度,利用缺乏生长基质的毒性抑制动力学模型对芘单基质降解过程进行了拟合,以期为后续共代谢、固定化的研究及实际工程应用提供一定的理论支撑。结果表明:(1)米曲霉以芘为单基质代谢时,降解率为33%;(2)米曲霉对重金属Cu和Cd的耐受浓度分别为500 mg/L和50 mg/L,分别高出国家土壤重金属二级标准5倍和83倍;(3)米曲霉对单基质芘的降解符合Crridle提出的毒性抑制动力学简化模型Sc=Sc0·Tcb*X0(1-e-bt) (R2=0.9237)。芘初始浓度Sc0=80 mg/L,米曲霉投加量X0=85 mg/L时,数值拟合得到内源呼吸常数b=0.027,生物转化量Tcb*=0.2875。该米曲霉对单基质芘及重金属Cu和Cd表现出一定的降解性能及耐受性能,故可经过适当强化后作为多环芳烃-重金属污染土壤的微生物修复菌种。     

油类分析中四氯化碳萃取物稳定性研究

对四氯化碳萃取物进行保存实验,研究和讨论了四氯化碳萃取物的稳定性,并验证了该保存方法在实际应用中的可行性。     

有毒化学物质对DNA的损伤——生成DNA加成物

本文涉及了环境中各种重要类型的化学致癌物并着重讨论了潜在致癌物与DNA加成物的化学反应及其生物影响,它包括简单烷化剂、简单非烷化剂以及代谢活化致突剂。不同烷化剂、简单非烷化剂、代谢活化致突剂与DNA的化学致癌反应部位,无论是在试管中试验还是在活体试验都有很大的不同。特别是N-亚硝基化合物和BaP曾作过详细研究,因为它们只在某个体系的特定器官使之成为恶性。尽管N-硝基化合物对人并不意味着致癌,但它很有可能就是致癌物。相反,某些在动物中致癌性很弱的烷化剂却被列为人体致癌物(氯乙烯、芥子气)或者人体可能的致癌物(硫酸二甲酯、乙烯氧化物)。     

污泥EPS高值、高效提取与回收技术发展趋势

污泥有机质(特别是胞外聚合物,EPS)高值产品回收将会推动污水/污泥资源化.然而,EPS典型提取方法效率较低、回收产物成分复杂,限制了 EPS目标物质的高效提取、降低了回收物的潜在高值应用.为此,探究高值、高效EPS提取/回收技术极为重要.这就需要改变目前典型的"笼统"EPS提取方法,将"胞外多糖"和"胞外蛋白"这样的...     

EU risk assessment guidelines

Regional PECs (Potential Environmental Concentrations) calculated with the software EUSES were compared with measured values using different emission and environmental distribution scenarios. The environmental data set recommended in EUSES (default data set) represents a generic standard region. In different scenarios the parameters of the generic region are replaced by concrete values, and estimated parameters (emissions, degradation rates and partition coefficients) are substituted by measured or investigated values. Deviations with regard to the measured values can be up to three orders of magnitude. Despite the basically conservative approximations, underestimations can occur. However, these are usually due to poor monitoring data or inappropriate input values. The use of regional data instead of default parameters only slightly ameliorates the results. The use of real emission and degradation rates alone can improve the results significantly.     

Light-induced variation in environmentally persistent free radicals and the generation of reactive radical species in humic substances

• Light irradiation increased the concentration of free radicals on HS. • The increased spin densities on HS readily returned back to the original value. • The “unstable” free radicals induced the formation of reactive radical species. • Reactive radicals’ concentration correlated strongly with EPFRs’ concentration. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in humic substances play an essential role in soil geochemical processes. Light is known to induce EPFRs formation for dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments; however, the impacts of light irradiation on the variation of EPFRs in soil humic substances remain unclear. In this study, humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin were extracted from peat soil and then in situ irradiated using simulated sunlight. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy results showed that with the increasing irradiation time, the spin densities and g-factors of humic substances rapidly increased during the initial 20 min and then gradually reached a plateau. After irradiation for 2h, the maximum spin density levels were up to 1.63 × 10¹⁷, 2.06 × 10¹⁷, and 1.77 × 10¹⁷ spins/g for the humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin, respectively. And the superoxide radicals increased to 1.05 × 10¹⁴–1.46 × 10¹⁴ spins/g while the alkyl radicals increased to 0.47 × 10¹⁴–1.76 × 10¹⁴ spins/g. The light-induced EPFRs were relatively unstable and readily returned back to their original state under dark and oxic conditions. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of EPFRs and reactive radical species (R² = 0.65–0.98, p<0.05), which suggested that the newly produced EPFRs contributed to the formation of reactive radical species. Our findings indicate that under the irradiation humic substances are likely to be more toxic and reactive in soil due to the formation of EPFRs.     

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and obesity,type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of epidemiologic findings

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a group of fluoro-surfactants widely detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, have been linked to adverse health effects. A growing body of literature has addressed their effects on obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the brief historical use and chemistry of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, routes of human exposure, as well as the epidemiologic evidence for associations between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the development of obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. We identified 22 studies on obesity and 32 studies on diabetes, while only 1 study was found for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by searching PubMed for human studies. Approximately two-third of studies reported positive associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and the prevalence of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. Causal links between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, however, require further large-scale prospective cohort studies combined with mechanistic laboratory studies to better assess these associations.     

废电池中重金属溶出特性及对海洋生物的毒性效应(Dissolved Characteristics of Heavy Metal in Waste Battery and Toxic Effect on Marine Organisms)

针对渔用废电池被大量丢弃在海洋中的现象,分别开展了废电池中主要重金属离子溶出特性试验和废电池浸出液对不同海洋生物急性毒性效应的研究.试验结果显示,在盐度为20的40L海水中自然浸泡状态下(45节电池),松下一号锌锰废电池溶出液中铅、镉、汞溶出浓度不断增加,但溶出速率较慢.单节电池在第60d,铅、镉和汞溶出总量分别为2.08μg、0.52μg和0.60μg,溶出率分别为0.004%、0.018%和1.263%;第210d铅、镉和汞溶出总量分别为28.76μg、6.38μg和1.02μg,溶出率分别为0.057%、0.224%和2.147%.一节废电池中铅、镉和汞总量在1L海水中全部溶出后浓度分别可达到50445μg·L-1、2850μg·L-1和47.5μg·L-1,分别是我国渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)的1009倍、570倍和95倍.废电池浸出液对不同受试生物的急性毒性试验结果表明,当废电池浸出液混合浓度中铅、镉和汞浓度分别为3.39μg·L-1、0.64μg·L-1和0.76μg·L-1时(45节电池40L海水浸泡60d),对黑鲷、脊尾白虾和缢蛏的96h半致死浓度值分别为溶出液混合浓度的5.13%、4.87%和6.71%,废电池浸出液中各重金属离子对海洋生物毒性具有非常强的协同作用.在鱼、虾、贝三类受试生物中,贝类对废电池溶出液毒性的耐受能力最强,鱼类次之,虾类最弱.