软脂酸和硬脂酸对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用

研究了软脂酸和硬脂酸对产毒铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa生长的抑制效应,比较了长链饱和脂肪酸抑藻的构效关系。选用的藻种是购于中国科学院水生生物研究所的产毒铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-912,且实验藻种处于对数生长期。软脂酸和硬脂酸在藻液中的4种最终质量浓度为：30、60、90和120mg·L-1。实验周期为6d,每天定时定量取藻液,测量A（650nm）,叶绿素a含量,藻蓝蛋白含量。实验结束后,采用SPSS（13.0版本）软件和DPS（7.05版本）分析加入这2种脂肪酸的藻液的3个指标与空白对照之间的差异显著性。结果表明,2种饱和脂肪酸的4种质量浓度对产毒铜绿微囊藻均有显著的抑制作用,浓度越大,抑藻效果越明显。其中,2种饱和脂肪酸在相同浓度的条件下,软脂酸比硬脂酸的抑制作用要明显。实验技术方面有2个创新点：①因为长链饱和脂肪酸无法溶于蒸馏水,实验采用乙醇来溶解脂肪酸。②因为溶于乙醇的长链饱和脂肪酸溶液无法用高压灭菌锅灭菌,实验采用微孔滤膜对脂肪酸溶液进行灭菌。     

2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二噁英（TCDD）短期染毒可造成着床前胚胎丢失并伴随雌性生殖器官中毒物相关蛋白的诱导表达（Short Time Exposure of TCDD Causing Loss of Implantation Failure of Embryos and Its Associated with Induced Expression of Relevant Proteins）

为探明妊娠早期胚胎的丢失是否与卵巢、输卵管、子宫组织受到2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二噁英(TCDD)直接毒害有关,检测了NIH小鼠胚胎着床前期和后期TCDD暴露对胚胎毒性影响的敏感性,并利用免疫组化方法分析了模型动物肝脏、子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中TCDD所引起的AhR、ARNT以及Cyp1a2分子标记物的变化.检测发现:妊娠第9d,100ng·kg-1·d-1剂量TCDD经口染毒,造成胚胎着床数量减少,且着床前期暴露的影响大于着床后期;子宫蜕膜反应受到明显抑制;胚胎迁移率没有明显变化,但胚胎数量减少.免疫组织化学分析发现正常组小鼠的肝脏、子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中有AhR和Cyp1a2弱阳性信号表达,ARNT有细胞核的强阳性信号表达;妊娠第1～8d、第1～3d和第4～8d处理组小鼠肝脏、子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中的AhR、Cyp1a2的阳性面积和光密度值均高于正常组;随处理时间和组织蓄积量的增加,ARNT在组织中的变化由胞核(妊娠第1～3d组)表达到胞浆(妊娠第4～8d组)表达,然后完全无表达(妊娠第1～8d组).以上研究结果表明:TCDD对早期妊娠小鼠子宫、输卵管和卵巢组织中的AhR、ARNT和Cyp1a2的激活和代谢方式与肝脏相同,说明雌性生殖系统中的组织有TCDD蓄积和代谢活性,这可能是导致早期胚胎迁移、着床等过程改变,造成胚胎丢失的重要原因.     

活性污泥的絮体结构模型

采用Motic数码显微镜观察SRT为3 d和15 d的活性污泥絮体以及它们的LEPS和TEPS絮凝污泥悬浮液形成的生物絮体的结构。结果表明,高SRT（15 d）活性污泥絮体较低SRT（3 d）活性污泥絮体的颜色深且密实;同一活性污泥中,内层的絮体结构较外层的絮体结构密实,细菌细胞与菌胶团之间的结合更为紧密。最后,结合絮体结构图片,从大分子作用力的角度,提出了活性污泥絮体结构模型,以形象地描述不同SRT活性污泥EPS及其表面性质变化对活性污泥絮凝沉降性能的影响。     

Neutron activation and atomic absorption analysis of Ulva Lactuca and Gracilaria Verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

NAA and AAS have been applied to determine the content of As, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sm and Zn in Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. The analytical data has been subjected to cluster and stepwise discriminant analysis. Thus the influence of some industrial sources on the pollution of water in the Gulf is detected and correlation between Zn‐Co‐Cr‐La; Br‐K; Cu‐Ni; Cd‐Sb‐Mn in the investigated algae is established.     

Isomer‐specific determination and toxic evaluation of potentially hazardous coplanar PCBs,dibenzofurans and dioxins in the tissues of “Yusho” PCB poisoning victim and in the causal oil

In the light of new discoveries on the extremely toxic non‐ortho coplanar 3,3’,4,4'‐tetra‐ (T₄CB), 3,3’,4,4’,5‐penta‐(P₅CB) and 3,3'4,4’,5,5'‐hexachlorobiphenyl (H₆CB) and their mono‐ and di‐ortho analogs, tissue samples of a Yusho poisoning victim and Yusho causal oils were subjected to a thorough congener/isomer‐specific investigation for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs). Among the many PCB congeners detected in Yusho oil, non‐ortho coplanar T₄CB constituted 3.1%, P₅CB‐0.17% and H₆CB‐0.0072% in total PCBs. Their concentrations in liver and adipose tissue were 130–700 (T₄CB), 54–720 (P₅CB) and 50–380 (H₆CB) pg/g on wet weight basis. The observed concentrations in adipose tissue were two to four fold higher than that detected in unexposed individuals. Among the PCDFs identified, toxic 2,3,7,8‐substituted isomers including 2,3,4,7,8‐P₅CDF were the dominant ones. Tetra‐ through hepta‐CDDs were detected in the oil, whereas octa‐CDD was the dominant isomer in the patient. A comparison with KC‐400 revealed enrichment of coplanar PCBs in Yusho oil along with toxic PCDFs. Enrichment was highest for 3,3'4,4'5,5'‐H₆CB followed by 3,3’,4,4'5‐P₅CB. A comparative toxic evaluation of these chemical groups in Yusho patient's adipose tissue based on “2,3,7,8‐T₄CDD Toxic Equivalent Analysis” revealed accountable toxic contribution from coplanar PCBs. This analysis also confirmed that 2,3,4,7,8‐P₅CDF was the principal causative agent in Yusho poisoning.     

Essential and toxic elements in meat of wild and bred animals

Essential and toxic elements were determined by Energy Dispersive Polarized X-Rays Fluorescence Spectrometry (EDPXRF) in the meat of 145 wild and bred animals to provide the baseline data regarding meat of wild and bred animals consumed in central Italy. As far as K, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Cu are concerned, no significant differences resulted between young and adults and between males and females for farmed and wild animals. No marked differences were found between hunted and non-hunted animals groups. In all samples analyzed, Mn, Cr, and Mo were below the detection limit. As far as the non-essential or toxic elements are concerned, As, Cd, V, and Hg concentrations in muscle from wild and bred animals were low and always below the detection limits. Among the wild animals killed with lead (Pb) bullets, elevated Pb concentrations in tissues were detected. This finding may result in elevated Pb levels in meat ingested by humans.     

Trichoderma harzianum: a green sorbent for Pb(II) uptake from aqueous solutions

This investigation describes the use of specially cultivated, nonliving biomass of Trichoderma harzianum as a biosorbent for the batch removal of Pb(II) from a stirred system under different experimental conditions. The metal removal depended upon pH, sorbent particle size, initial Pb(II) concentration, shaking speed, and sorption time. The optimal experimental conditions for the removal of Pb(II) by T. harzianum with an initial metal concentration of 100 mg L^?1 were obtained at a particle size of 53 μm, a pH of 4.5, a shaking speed of 200 rpm, and a contact time of 720 min. The results were analyzed in terms of adsorption isotherms and kinetic models. The Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo second-order model fitted well in the data. T. harzianum proved to be a good biomaterial for accumulating Pb(II) from aqueous solutions (q = 460 mg g^?1).     

Problems and prospectus of utilization of sewage and industrial wastewaters in agriculture

The basic objective of this study was to compile the available information on the composition of sewage and industrial wastewaters in India and their effect on soil–plant health upon their use in agricultural fields. The composition of sewage water is quite variable depending upon the contributing source, mode of collection, and treatment provided. The composition of sewage water varied from site to site which was in accordance with the type of industries present in that area. Continuous use of sewage and industrial wastewater irrigation recorded improvement in water retention, hydraulic conductivity, organic C and build-up of available N, P, K, micronutrient status, and soil microbial count. The electrical conductivity although increased due to sewage irrigation, it was within the tolerance limit to cause any soil salinity hazard. The toxic metals like Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni were found to be accumulated in soil and plant due to long-term use of sewage and industrial wastewater irrigation. The concentration of these metals was higher in leafy vegetables than in grain crops. This warrants the potential hazard to soil–plant health suggesting necessity of their safe use after pretreatment as a cheap potential alternative source of plant nutrients in agriculture.     

有机污染物对水生生物毒性作用机理的判别及影响因素

有机污染物对水生生物急性毒性作用机理的判别及影响因素是定量结构与活性相关研究的基础,对准确预测有机污染物对水生生物的毒性具有重要的意义.本文根据目前国内外在该领域的研究现状和本课题组在该领域的研究成果,系统地总结了有机污染物对水生生物的急性毒性作用机理、毒性作用机理的判别方法、及影响毒性作用机理判别的因素.有机污染物对水生生物的急性毒性作用机理可分为非极性麻醉型、极性麻醉型、反应型和特殊作用型;化合物的毒性比率、毒性临界值和结构警示是目前判别毒性作用机理的主要方法;有机化合物的生物富集、非生物转化、生物代谢、离子化率和溶解度是毒性作用机理判别的主要影响因素.     

污泥龄对MBR中微生物特性的影响

研究了污泥龄(SRT)对膜生物反应器中微生物的存在状态、污泥增殖动力学、污泥活性及污染物去除率等的影响.研究结果表明,随着SRT延长,TB中多糖与蛋白质比例增大,这增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变,造成污泥的沉降困难.MBR中微型动物群落结构随SRT的延长呈现规律...