利用Triolein-半渗透膜采样技术测定淮河水中的有毒有机污染物

利用 Triolein 半渗透膜采样技术 ( Triolein SPMD)采集了淮河信阳、淮南断面水样 ,测定了采样器中多氯联苯、多环芳烃、取代苯等有毒有机污染物浓度。污染物在 SPMD酯中高浓度富集 ,使其定性和定量更加容易和准确。根据SPMD酯 水分配平衡理论 ,进一步估算得到目标污染物在水中的平均浓度。本研究证明 Triolein SPMD技术可用于水中多氯联苯、多环芳烃、取代苯等污染物的采集和定量分析 ,可在我国的优先污染物监测、控制工作中发挥作用。     

Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediment Cores of Selected Creeks in Delta State,Nigeria

The spatial and seasonal distribution and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in core sediments of Ubeji, Ifie, and Egbokodo creeks in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A total of 222 core sediment samples were collected during the wet season (August 2010) and the dry season (January 2011). The samples were dried, Soxhlet extracted, fractionated, and injected into a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The concentrations of PAHs ranged from not detected to 2,654 μg/kg (wet season) and not detected to 3,513 μg/kg (dry season). In general, the concentrations of PAHs for a number of stations in this study are comparable to sites with high anthropogenic activities in the Niger Delta. The toxicity risk assessment based on the total BaP equivalent quotient of the seven carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chry, BbF, BkF, BaP, DBA, and Iper) was 97.416 μg/kg and did not exceed the method B cleanup level for benzo(a)pyrene (137 μg/kg), according to toxic equivalency factors, which implied that PAHs in sediments of the present study currently have minimal adverse effects. This study provided information on the concentrations and profiles of PAHs sediment cores, which is useful for source diagnosis, environmental quality management, contamination history, and environmental forensic studies.     

Risk evaluation in Dutch land-use planning

In Dutch external safety policy, the acceptance of risk for the population in areas surrounding hazardous substances establishments is based on a limit value for individual risk (IR). Additionally, changes to societal risk (SR) must be justified. A specific software program (SAFETI-NL) with the associated Reference Manual Bevi Risk Assessments (RIVM, 2009) is legally required for the calculation of IR and SR. This prescribed “Bevi calculation method” forms the basis for decisions with important consequences for industry, land use planning and the protection of citizens. It is important that the outcome of calculations made with the prescribed method can be relied upon when making decisions about land use planning that affects both industry and population. This is the subject of this paper.The prescribed calculation method has been evaluated by performing a case study. The evaluation focussed on risk modelling of a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) at an LPG filling station, an incident type that plays a significant role in Dutch external safety. The risk modelling of the BLEVE with the prescribed calculation method was found to have a number of serious deficiencies. It is concluded that the prescribed calculation method yields no reliable perspective on the safety of production, use and storage of hazardous substances, nor of possibilities to increase safety.Decision making should not only depend on quantification of IR and SR. Improving the safety-relevance of the prescribed calculation method requires an increase of the number of dimensions of the outcome of risk calculations in order to make feedback possible. It is recommended to incorporate additional, safety-relevant information into planning and decision-making processes. It is envisaged that a more far-reaching change of Dutch QRA practice is needed (medium to long term). In this context, a number of interesting elements have been noticed in decision-making procedures in other EU Member States.     

Risks and benefits of compost-like materials prepared by the thermal treatment of raw scallop hepatopancreas for supplying cadmium and the growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Scallop hepatopancreas, fishery waste, contains relatively high levels of Cd and organic nitrogen compounds, the latter of which represent a fertilizer. In this study, raw scallop hepatopancreas tissue was thermally treated with sawdust and red loam in the presence of an iron catalyst to produce compost-like materials (CLMs). Two CLM samples were prepared by varying the content of raw scallop hepatopancreas tissue: 46 wt.% for CLM-1 and 18 wt.% for CLM-2. Mixtures of control soil (CTL) and CLMs (CLM content: 10 and 25 wt.%) were examined for the growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the risks and benefits of using this material for fertilization. The Cd content in shoots and roots of alfalfa, that were grown in the presence of CLMs, was significantly higher than those for the plants grown in the CTL, indicating that Cd had accumulated in the plants from CLMs. The accumulation of Cd in the alfalfa roots was quite high in the case of the 25% CLM-1 sample. However, alfalfa growth was significantly promoted in the presence of 10% CLM-1. This can be attributed to the higher levels of nitrogen and humic substances, which serve as fertilizer components. Although the fertilization effect in case of CLM-1showed a potential benefit, the accumulation of Cd in alfalfa was clearly increased in the presence of both CLMs. In conclusion, the use of CLMs produced from raw scallop hepatopancreas tissue can be considered to have a desirable benefit from standpoint of its use as fertilizer, but is accompanied by a risk of the accumulation of Cd in alfalfa plants.     

3种杀菌剂对日本青鳉早期生命阶段毒性效应初步研究

为了评价杀菌剂对水生生物的基础毒性,在室内进行了多菌灵、三唑酮和三唑醇对日本青鳉幼体阶段的毒性效应.急性毒性试验结果表明,多菌灵、三唑酮和三唑醇对日本青鳉幼鱼96 h-LC₅₀值分别为0.47(0.42~0.51) mg·L^-1、11.02(9.34~13.01)mg·L^-1、14.49(12.28~17.10)mg·L^-1.胚胎60 d慢性毒性试验结果表明,多菌灵对日本青鳉胚胎孵化率的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC_60d)为5.2 μg·L^-1,暴露在10~37 μg·L^-1浓度范围内对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率均有显著影响;三唑酮对日本青鳉幼鱼存活率的LOEC_60d为75 μg·L^-1,暴露浓度高于240 μg·L^-1时对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率、体长、湿重等均有显著影响;三唑醇对日本青鳉胚胎孵化率的LOEC_60d为140 μg·L^-1,暴露浓度高于520 μg·L^-1时三唑醇对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率、体长、湿重等均有显著影响.3种杀菌剂对日本青鳉幼体阶段的毒性次序为:多菌灵>三唑酮、三唑醇,胚胎孵化时间和幼鱼存活率可作为慢性毒性的敏感指标.     

典型电力电容器污染土壤中多氯联苯水平及特性

以3个PCBs污染物封存点周边土壤为对象,详尽研究了典型电力电容器污染土壤中209种PCBs同系物含量水平、分布特性及毒性当量,了解污染土壤中PCBs的污染水平和环境风险,为PCBs污染土壤的场地修复提供支撑.对来自于3个污染场地的12个污染土样分析表明,Soil A总PCBs含量为1 705.0μg·g-1±424.3μg·g-1(n=4),高于Soil B(233.0μg·g-1±80.0μg·g-1,n=4)和Soil C(225.7μg·g-1±90.2μg·g-1,n=4),显示3种土壤均受到PCBs严重污染.不同氯代数的PCBs分子中,三氯联苯及四氯联苯含量最高.Soil A、Soil B及Soil C中PCBs的氯元素质量分数分别为43.7%±1.0%、45.5%±0.5%和44.9%±0.3%,这一比例接近Aroclor1242以及国产1号PCB绝缘油.指示性PCBs与总PCBs含量之间存在明显相关关系,线性拟合方程R2=0.998.应用指示性PCBs可有效估算总PCBs含量,简化样品分析过程.类二英多氯联苯以PCB77、PCB105及PCB118为主,三者之和占dl-PCBs的89.5%±4.0%.污染土样的毒性当量(以WHO-TEQ计)介于3.56~63.55 ng·g-1之间,显示该区域具有较高的环境风险.PCB28/31、PCB33/20、PCB66/80、PCB70、PCB32及PCB18等是含量最高的PCB单体.与国内外其他研究相比,该封存点土壤受到了高浓度PCBs污染,具有较高的环境风险.     

快速城市化区域河网沉积物重金属污染风险评价与管控对策

为研究快速城市化区域河网沉积物重金属污染特征和生态风险,调查了研究区域具有代表性的5条河道,共采集了19份表层(0～10 cm)沉积物样品,重点分析Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Hg共8种重金属的含量,并评价其生物毒害效应、污染水平和生态风险.结果表明,8种重金属的含量范围分别为:0.29～3.33、6.10～42.40、20.50～149.00、19.60～196.00、15.40～437.00、69.10～560.00、15.80～86.70和0.04～0.61 mg·kg~(-1),其中Cd、Cu和Zn平均含量分别为研究区背景值的28.40、7.20和5.80倍,超当地背景值,情况较为显著.8种重金属含量水平多位于沉积物物质基准值TEC-PEC之间,产生生物毒害效应的可能性不容忽视,63.16%的点位平均可能效应浓度商Q值大于0.5,表明大部分点位中重金属的复合污染已经对底栖生物产生了毒害效应;地累积指数和潜在生态危害评价认为Cd、Cu和Zn的污染水平和生态风险较高,其中Cd对评价结果的贡献率最高.基于以上分析认为,研究区域沉积物重金属污染风险水平较高,其中Cd毒性较大且污染显著,值得重点关注,研究区域重金属污染防治和管理应针对Cd展开.     

黄河中游(渭南-郑州段)全/多氟烷基化合物的分布及通量

本研究收集黄河中游(渭南—郑州段)表层水样品,利用高效液相色谱质谱串联的方法分析了水相和颗粒相中的28种全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs).结果表明,水相和颗粒相中Σ28PFASs的含量分别为18.4~56.9 ng·L~(-1)和26.8~164ng·g~(-1)(以干重计).水相和颗粒相中以全氟己酸(PFHx A)为主要污染物,分别占总含量的27%和16%,且3H-全氟-3-(3-甲氧基丙氧基)丙酸(ADONA)、氯代多氟醚基磺酸(6∶2和8∶2 Cl-PFESA)在颗粒相均有检出,表明PFASs替代品的生产和使用逐渐增多.PFASs在水相-颗粒相中的lg Kd变化范围为2.95±0.553(PFPe A)~3.85±0.237(8∶2 FTUCA),颗粒物吸附氟调聚羧酸(FTCAs)和不饱和氟调聚羧酸(FTUCAs)的能力随碳链长度的增长而增加,全氟烷基磺酸(PFSAs)较全氟烷基羧酸(PFCAs)更容易被颗粒物吸附.黄河郑州—渭南段PFASs的通量呈现先降低后增加的趋势,表明该河段接纳了来自上游及支流的污染输入.此外,结果表明水相中的PFASs通量大于颗粒相.     

北京APEC期间大气颗粒物中类腐殖酸的污染特征及来源

为分析北京市APEC期间强化减排措施对大气细颗粒物中类腐殖酸(humic-like substances,HULIS)浓度及污染特征的影响.对APEC前后样品进行了碳质组分(OC/EC)、水溶性有机碳(water-soluble organic carbon,WSOC)、HULIS和水溶性离子分析,研究发现APEC采样期间大气颗粒物中HULIS的浓度范围为1~15μg·m~(-3).HULIS浓度在会议减排前、中和后期分别为7.99、5.83和7.06μg·m~(-3).会议减排对降低HULIS浓度起到了一定作用.在会议期间HULIS的浓度下降程度明显快于EC与WSOC.会议之后HULIS的浓度上升程度明显慢于OC、EC、WSOC和PM_(2.5);HULIS占PM_(2.5)的值在采样期间变化不大,在采样期间、会议减排前、中和后期分别为13.60%、13.59%、14.02%和12.22%.HULIS-C/OC的值和HULIS-C/WSOC的值依次为28.95%、35.51%、28.37%、19.93%和52.75%、59.58%、51.54%、45.39%.HULIS与湿度呈显著正相关,与风速呈显著负相关;生物质燃烧和二次转化可能是北京大气颗粒物中HULIS重要来源.