重庆某发电厂灰渣中微量元素分布特征研究

本文以某电厂的锅炉灰渣(飞灰和底灰)为研究对象，分析了24个飞灰和24个底灰样品中Hg，As，Se，Pb，Cd，Zn，Ba，Co，Cr，Cu，Li,Ni，V,Zr等微量元素的含量水平和分布规律，结果表明：飞灰中As、Pb、Zn、Ba、Cu、V、Zr和Li的含量大于10ppm，Hg和Cd含量在1ppm以下；与原煤相比，14种元素在飞灰中的含量更高。其中Hg、As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Co、Cd、Zn和V等元素的含量分别是原煤的2倍以上；除As和Se外，其余元素在底灰中的含量高于原煤。     

我国煤中微量元素赋存状态的研究进展

在研究和分析我国煤中微量元素赋存状态的大量研究文献的基础上，阐述了我国煤中微量元素赋存状态的研究现状和存在问题，探讨了今后煤中的微量元素赋存状态的研究方向和发展趋势，强调加强煤中的微量元素赋存状态方面研究仍是今后煤中微量元素环境地球化学研究的主要内容。     

施灰田土壤及所产蔬菜铀、钍和钾、钼、镁、锌含量变化及影响评价

U和Th是放射性元素,K、Fe、Mo、Mg和Zn是植物生长需要的必要营养元素。粉煤灰中U、Th、Fe和Mo的含量略高于空白土壤中Fe和Mo的含量,K、Mg和Zn的含量低于空白土壤中K、Mg和Zn的含量。掺施粉煤灰并没有引起施灰土壤及所产蔬菜中各元素含量的明显变化。与国家土壤环境质量标准及食品、卫生标准的限值相比,施灰土壤及所产蔬菜的U、Th、K、Fe、Mo、Mg和Zn的含量均在正常范围内波动。     

滇池铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa kutz）对小白鼠肝脏和肝脏微结构毒害的研究

本文研究滇池水体富营养化时，产生“水华”的铜绿微囊藻可使小白鼠肝脏增重及肝脏超微结构发生明显变化，致使小白鼠中毒死亡。     

Trace elements, organochlorines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and furans in lesser scaup wintering on the Indiana Harbor Canal

During the winter of 1993-94, male lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) were collected on the heavily polluted Indiana Harbor Canal (IHC), East Chicago, IN, USA, and examined for tissue contaminant levels. Lesser scaup collected on the IHC had higher concentrations of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selected organchlorine pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic hydrocarbons than reference birds. Of the scaup collected on the IHC, 44% had Cd concentrations in the liver considered above background for freshwater waterfowl (>3 microg/g dry wt.), 50% had Se concentrations in the liver above a level possibly harmful to the health of young and adult birds (>33 microg/g dry wt.), and 88% of the scaup carcasses exceeded the PCB human consumption guidelines for edible poultry in the USA (>3.0 microg/g lipid wt.). The ratio of pristane:n-heptadecane concentrations in 47% of lesser scaup collected on IHC was elevated above 1.0, which is indicative of chronic exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons.     

Toxic Effects of Crude Oil Combined with Oil Cleaner Simple Green on Yolk-sac Larvae and Adult Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (4 pp)

Background, Goal and Scope Cleaner CRYSTAL Simple Green (SG) was used for the cleanup of the oil spill in the Baltic Sea near Lithuania in 2001. No scientific data are available on the effects and consequences of its application for local aquatic life. The aim of this study was to determine and compare sublethal effects of a) solution SG; b) crude oil alone; c) SG in combination with oil on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at different stages of its development in laboratory conditions.Methods Laboratory studies were performed on adult rainbow trout (4-day duration) and on yolk-sac larvae (25-day duration) evaluating their biological parameters. Concentrations of water-soluble and thin-dispersed fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons were measured using gas chromatography.Results and Discussion SG solution (0.5 mg/l) did not affect the survival of larvae and adult fish, and no significant changes were determined in respiratory parameters of the exposed larvae and adult fish. The most expressed alterations were found in morphological parameters (a decrease in the average body mass) of larvae and in haematological indices (a decrease in the leukocyte count) of adult fish at the end of the tests. Crude oil (1610 mg/l) did not affect the survival of adult fish during the 4-day exposure. An increase in larvae mortality rate (~ 36%) was recorded at the end of the tests. A significant decrease in the average body mass and heart rate of larvae as well as in gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish were determined. SG combined with oil induced an increase in larval mortality  46% of individuals died at the end of the tests. No mortality was recorded in adult fish. The average body mass and heart rate of larvae were significantly decreased. Marked changes were also found in respiratory parameters (gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish significantly decreased, while “coughing” rate increased). A 1-day, 2-day exposure of fish to SG combined with oil induced a significant decrease in the leukocyte count of adult fish, which was also determined at the end of the tests. The augmentation of adverse impact could be explained by the data obtained from our studies. When SG was added into dilution water with crude oil the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the mixture increased 3 ~ 4.5 times after 24 h and 96 h, respectively. Conclusions The comparative study of the effects of crude oil alone, SG and SG combined with oil showed that their toxic effects on fish differed. Oil combined with SG was found to be more toxic to fish (larvae and adults) than SG alone and oil alone. Fish at early stages of development (yolk-sac larvae) were more sensitive to the effects of the compounds studied than adults.Recommendations and Outlook To diminish the negative impact of oil spill cleanup using chemicals on aquatic ecosystems, it is recommended to carry out more comprehensive studies of their effects and after-effects in laboratory conditions using a wide scale of local aquatic organisms. The selected species of the most sensitive aquatic organisms should include those which are unable to escape the impact of combined action of oil and cleaners. Special attention should be directed to the research of effects of these pollutants on studied organisms at their most sensitive stages of life (reproduction, hatching, early stages of development), as after-effects of exposure to pollutants may be observed in future generations.     

Particulate matter pollution in Kunshan High-Tech zone: Source apportionment with trace elements, plume evolution and its monitoring

Particulate matter(PM) in the Kunshan High-Tech zone is studied during a three-month campaign. PM and trace elements are measured by the online pollution monitoring, forecastwarning and source term retrieval system AS3. Hourly measured concentrations of PM_(10), PM_(2.5) and 16 trace elements in the PM_(2.5) section(Ca, Pb, Cu, Cl, V, Cr, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Ba)are focused. Source apportionment of trace elements by Positive Matrix Factorization modeling indicates that there are five major sources, including dust, industrial processing, traffic,combustion, and sea salt with contribution rate of 23.68%, 21.66%, 14.30%, 22.03%, and 6.89%,respectively. Prediction of plume dispersion from concrete plant and traffic emissions shows that PM_(10) pollution of concrete plant is three orders of magnitude more than that of the traffic. The influence range can extend to more than 3 km in 1 hr. Because the footprint of the industrial plumes is constantly moving according to the local meteorological conditions, the fixed monitoring sites scattered in a few hundred meters haven't captured the heaviest pollution plume at the local scale of a few km~2. As a more intensive monitoring network is not operationally possible, the use of online modeling gives accurate and quantitative information of plume location, which increases the spatial pollution monitoring capacity and improves the understanding of measurement data. These results indicate that the development of the AS3 system, which combines monitoring equipment and air pollution modeling systems, is beneficial to the real-time pollution monitoring in the industrial zone.     

垃圾衍生燃料灰渣中主要元素变化的研究

以垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)为研究对象,在600~1100℃条件下灼烧RDF灰渣,对灰渣中的主要元素变化情况进行分析.研究结果表明,RDF灰渣中主要元素包括硅、氧、铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、碳、硫、氯、磷、钛、锌等;灰渣中的可溶盐倾向富集在≤0.3 mm的灰渣颗粒上;在600~1000℃范围内,其总量处于动态平衡,在1100℃则大幅度减少.随着温度的上升,碳转化为二氧化碳气体;硫元素转化为硫酸盐,随后部分再转化为二氧化硫气体;氯元素转化为以氯化钠和氯化钾为主的氯化盐,在达到一定温度时发生相变转化为气体.硅、氧、铝、钙、镁、磷等元素留存于废渣中,随着温度提高,发生复合化学反应,相互键接形成复合硅酸盐物质.     

壬基酚对羊角月牙藻的毒性效应研究

为研究壬基酚（NP）对淡水微藻的毒性效应特点,选取模式生物羊角月牙藻（Selenastrum capricornutum）为受试对象,设置5个暴露处理浓度：0.1,0.3,0.6,0.9,1.2mg/L.观察并测定羊角月牙藻的生长情况、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量等指标,并通过植物光合效率仪测定叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数,分析NP对光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的影响.结果表明,NP限制羊角月牙藻生长的96h EC50为0.979mg/L;NP处理浓度为0.3mg/L时,可以对羊角月牙藻生长产生抑制效应,与对照组相比,主要光合色素（叶绿素）含量下降,MDA含量显著增加,过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著上升,最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降,ABS/RC（单位反应中心吸收光能）显著上升,DI0/RC（单位反应中心耗散能量）、ET0/RC（单位反应中心捕获用于电子传递的能量）、TR0/RC（反应中心用于还原QA的能量）也随之升高;当处理浓度≥0.9mg/L后,CAT和SOD活性、TR0/RC显著下降,DI0/RC显著升高,表明PSⅡ受到损伤.由此可知,NP能够破坏膜系统完整性、诱发抗氧化系统响应并造成PSⅡ损伤,降低光能转化效率,对羊角月牙藻具有毒性效应,对水域生态系统具有潜在风险.     

环境痕量污染物及其防控对策

随着工业化、城市化发展,越来越多的各种人造化学品被释放到环境中来,引发以POPs,PTS,PBT,EDCs等痕量污染物为主要特征的第三代环境问题。本文从环境科学的角度提出一个新的环境管理概念——环境痕量污染物（ETPs）,并分析ETPs的污染特征来形成新的环境管理领域,并提出中国ETPs防控的若干对策,为解决中国经济社会发展中出现新的突出的环境问题提供指导。