分子印迹技术在环境痕量有机物中的应用

分子印迹技术（MolecularImprintingTechnique,NIT）是一种新型的识别技术,其核心是制备对目标分子具有高度识别的分子印迹聚合物（MolecularlyImprintedPolymers,MIPs）。MIPs具有特异选择性、稳定性等特点,为分离和去除环境中的痕量有机物提供有效的途径。文章综述了MIT在痕量环境有机物的分析、检测和处理中的研究进展,并对存在的问题进行了探讨。     

汞的环境光化学

作为一种全球污染物,汞在水体、底泥、土壤、大气等介质中以各种不同形态存在.各种汞形态具有不同的理化特性及毒性.汞形态的转化对于汞的迁移、毒性、食物链富集放大效应等具有重要影响.光照在汞的形态转化中起着重要作用,主要涉及光氧化、光还原、甲基汞的光降解以及无机汞的光化学甲基化等四个方面.本文对不同环境介质中汞的光化学转化过...     

沉积物中汞的生物可利用性研究进展

沉积物是汞在水体中的主要分布相,同时也被认为是许多水生生物摄取汞的主要途径,本文综述了近年来在沉积物中汞的生物可利用性领域所取得的最新研究进展,包括体外消化液萃取法估测沉积物中汞的生物可利用性、可能影响汞生物可利用性的生物地球化学因素(汞在沉积物中的浓度、沉积物的组成、汞与沉积物的接触时间、汞与沉积物的结合形式,以及沉...     

新疆雪豹种群密度监测方法探讨

2004-2010年间,前后累计270多天,新疆雪豹研究小组在新疆北塔山、阿尔泰山、昆仑山、天山东部和托木尔峰地区20多个地点(山谷),对雪豹(Uncia uncia)的痕迹进行了全面调查,共计完成150多条样线,总长度接近190 km,痕迹数平均为1～3个·km-1.记录到的痕迹有粪团、嗅痕(气味标记)、足迹链、刨痕(刨坑)、爪痕、卧迹、毛发、尿迹、血迹、剩余食物(动物尸体)和吼声等.通过痕迹学的分析,初步掌握雪豹的领域范围、分布规律和相对密度.之后开展了红外相机拍摄、雪豹食物资源普查、市场毛皮调查、贸易通道调查、杀戮案件搜集、民间问卷调查、非政府组织(NGO)社区服务与牧业冲突调研等工作.同期布设红外相机36台,约2094个照相日,计50 256 h,回收胶卷71个,回收清晰雪豹照片32张,平均拍摄率或"捕获率"(capture rate)达1.53%.确定在托木尔峰250 km2范围内有5～8只雪豹活动,密度为2.0～3.2只·(100 km2)-1.在比较分析各种监测结果的基础上,讨论了新疆雪豹种群密度不同监测方法的优点与局限性.     

Mercury removal from coal combustion flue gas by modified fly ash

Fly ash is a potential alternative to activated carbon for mercury adsorption. The effects of physicochemical properties on the mercury adsorption performance of three fly ash samples were investigated. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other methods were used to characterize the samples. Results indicate that mercury adsorption on fly ash is primarily physisorption and chemisorption. High specific surface areas and small pore diameters are beneficial to efficient mercury removal. Incompletely burned carbon is also an important factor for the improvement of mercury removal efficiency, in particular. The C-M bond, which is formed by the reaction of C and Ti, Si and other elements, may improve mercury oxidation. The samples modified with CuBr2 , CuCl 2 and FeCl3 showed excellent performance for Hg removal, because the chlorine in metal chlorides acts as an oxidant that promotes the conversion of elemental mercury (Hg0) into its oxidized form (Hg2+). Cu2+ and Fe3+ can also promote Hg 0 oxidation as catalysts. HCl and O2 promote the adsorption of Hg by modified fly ash, whereas SO2 inhibits the Hg adsorption because of competitive adsorption for active sites. Fly ash samples modified with CuBr2 , CuCl2 and FeCl3 are therefore promising materials for controlling mercury emissions.     

Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G. and Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. as trace element bioindicators: Statistical comparison of bioaccumulative properties

The principal objective of this study was to compare bioaccumulative properties of two terrestrial moss species Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi from the Kielce area (south-central Poland), using various statistical techniques. Forty-six moss samples from 23 sampling sites located within the city limits were analyzed for 33 trace elements. The results indicated that 17 elements (Ba, Ce, Co, Cu, Eu, Fe, Gd, Hg, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Sm, V, Y) dominated in H. splendens, whereas only three elements (Mn, Sr, Zn) occurred in excessive amounts in P. schreberi. No differences in the distribution pattern of Dy, Er, Ho, Sn, Tb, Th and Yb were observed. The element concentration ratio (PI/Hy) varied from 0.50 to 1.19. For 14 elements (Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, Gd, Hg, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sm, Th, V), PI/Hy < 1; for 4 elements (Cd, Mn, Sr, Zn), PI/Hy > 1; for 7 elements (Ba, Dy, Er, Eu, Pr, Y, Yb), PI/Hy = equalled 1. Czekanowski’s method showed similarities in rare earth element concentrations for both moss species. The cluster analysis exhibited three significant clusters at D link /D max × 100 < 50 for both moss species. Strong positive Spearman correlations between both moss species were recorded for the following pairs:Ba-Ba, Co-Co, Er-Er, Eu-Eu, Gd Gd, Mn-Mn, Ni-Ni, Pb-Pb, Pr-Pr, Sm-Sm, Th-Th, Y-Y, and Yb-Yb. Nonparametric tests (Sign test, Wilcoxon tests) showed statistically significant differences only for Cd, Ce, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb and Sr. The scanning electron microscope study of H. splendens and P. schreberi revealed a different morphology of these species with no injuries.     

络合物吸附波法测定废水中微量铜

本文介绍了Cu-CNS-HSCH_2COOH底液测定废水中微量铜的新方法,该法灵敏度较高,选择性较好,抗干扰强,简便、快速,与8羟基喹啉-铜络合物吸附波法对照,结果满意.     

渤海湾大气金属元素沉降和来源解析研究

干湿沉降是污染物从大气进入到地表生态环境的主要途径.渤海湾临近大气污染严重的京津冀地区,同时受航运交通排放影响,但渤海湾大气金属元素沉降量及其来源并不十分清楚.本研究于2016年11月—2017年10月在渤海西岸采集了大气沉降样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对样品中25种金属元素的含量进行了测定分析,估算了大气金属沉降量并进行了源解析.结果表明:沉降样品中25种元素的浓度变化范围为2458.8μg·L~(-1)(Ca)～9.9 ng·L~(-1)(Th),年沉降量变化为1229.9 mg·m~(-2)·a~(-1)(Ca)～5.0μg·m~(-2)·a~(-1)(Th).受降水量季节分布的影响,多数金属元素的沉降量在夏季最高,春秋季较低.除Be、Fe、Ni、Cr、Al、Th和U等元素外,其余18种元素都有不同程度的富集,特别是Cd、Ag、Se和Sb等元素已高度富集.燃煤(12.8%)、扬尘(25.9%)、工业(33.1%)和航运(28.2%)是渤海湾沉降样品中金属元素的主要来源,尤其是航运排放对海湾大气Sb、Cd和Mo沉降具有显著贡献.研究结果可为京津冀区域海陆协同发展和环境质量改善提供科学参考.     

我国中西部典型城市PM2.5中痕量金属的时空分布特征和健康影响

为研究我国中西部地区大气细颗粒物中的痕量金属区域分布、季节分布特征以及健康风险,在西安、乌鲁木齐、洛阳以及兰州四城市布点采样,利用ICP-AES（电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪）测定了PM_2.5中9种痕量金属（V、Cr、Cd、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb）的质量分数.结果表明：在痕量金属的时空分布特征方面,各城市主导痕量金属存在差异,西安、乌鲁木齐、洛阳以及兰州的主导痕量金属为Mn、Zn、Pb、Pb,除了主导痕量金属,对于单个金属,其空间分布及季节分布都存在差异;利用分歧系数法分析了城市间颗粒物中痕量金属的组成,洛阳与其他城市颗粒物中痕量金属的CD值在0.4左右,表明洛阳与各城市颗粒物中痕量金属的组成有很大差异,而西安与乌鲁木齐、兰州两个城市的CD值几乎都小于0.2,则他们组成相似;健康风险评结果显示,颗粒物PM_2.5中的痕量金属Cr对成年人有着显著的致癌和非致癌风险,而且Cd、As对4个城市居民的致癌风险是显著的,Ni对其致癌风险不显著.长期处于该研究环境,对人体健康存在一定健康威胁.此外痕量金属对人体的健康风险也具有季节性,所有痕量金属ILCR值都高于10^-6,尤其是As、Cd、Cr的致癌风险超过了安全水平（10^-4）,尤其是Cr和As春冬季的致癌风险最高.