CuCl2改性飞灰吸附气相零价汞

采用CuCl₂对循环流化床锅炉飞灰进行改性,在固定床反应器上对CuCl₂改性飞灰进行了气相零价汞（Hg⁰）吸附实验。考察了CuCl₂负载量和吸附温度对改性飞灰Hg⁰吸附能力的影响,并结合颗粒内扩散模型、准一阶动力学模型、准二阶动力学模型和耶洛维奇模型拟合结果分析该过程的控制步骤。结果表明： CuCl₂改性飞灰的Hg⁰穿透时间远大于未改性飞灰,对Hg⁰的吸附量随CuCl₂负载量的增加而增加;CuCl₂改性飞灰的Hg⁰吸附能力随吸附温度的升高先增大后减小,150 ℃为最佳吸附温度;准二阶动力学模型的拟合值与实验值相关系数最高,且该模型初始吸附速率与实验值最为接近,即准二阶动力学模型更适合于描述CuCl₂改性飞灰的Hg⁰吸附过程。     

次氯酸钾氧化去除烟气中单质汞的反应机理

采用KClO氧化吸收烟气中的Hg⁰,研究了脱汞性能和反应机理。结果表明：提高反应温度会降低脱汞性能,加快KClO热分解,减小Hg⁰溶解度,抑制氧化还原放热反应;提高Hg⁰浓度会增大Hg⁰在气相主体和气液界面的分压差,进而提高Hg⁰的传质速率,使Hg⁰去除率提高;继续提高Hg⁰浓度,反应限速步骤从气膜移向液膜,使Hg⁰去除率下降;KClO质量分数低于10%时,Hg⁰和KClO溶液的气液两相传质效率由液相控制;Hg⁰去除率随吸收液初始pH的升高而降低,吸收液pH随反应时间的延长而升高。     

Mercury, Methylmercury, and Selenium Concentrations in Eggs of Common Loons (Gavia immer) from Canada

Concentrations of Hg and Se were determined for a total of 125Common Loon (Gavia immer) eggs collected from lakes in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and NovaScotia, Canada between 1972 and 1997. Resulting data were compared to Hg and/or Se concentrations known or suspected tocause reproductive impairment in birds. Organic (methyl) Hg analyses were also performed on a subset of 24 loon eggs. Thirty-nine of 125 eggs had total Hg levels exceeding those (0.6 g g^-1 ww, or 2.5 g g^-1 dw)previously reported to be associated with reproductive impairment in common loons (Barr, 1986), and 9 of 125 eggshad Hg concentrations higher than the level associated withreproductive impairment in birds generally 1 g g^-1 ww; (Thompson, 1996). Selenium concentrations in loon egg samples were less than levels known to cause reproductiveimpairment in birds. A weak but significant positive correlation was observed between egg-Hg and -Se concentrations(r = 0.511, p < 0.05). On average, methylmercury accounted for about 87% of total Hg in 24 eggs analysed for both total and organic Hg. In this subset of eggs, the relationship between organic (methyl) Hg and Se was significant (r = 0.538, p = 0.007) while that found between inorganic Hg and Se in the same eggs was not significant (r = 0.353, p = 0.091). This relationship was unexpected and was contrary to relationships established for organic and inorganic Hg vs. Se in adult loon liver and kidney tissue (Scheuhammer et al., 1998b).     

痕量分析中的分析空白

在痕量分析中，样品的玷污是极易发生的，通过对国内外文献调查，比较系统地阐述了由玷污而引起的正空白（分析空白）对分析结果准确度及检测下限的影响；指出了分析空白产生的原因主要由环境、试剂、器。及分析者对样品的玷污所引起；提出了检测和扣除空白值的正确方法及评价痕量分析数据的准则。     

PRESENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN NEW JERSEY STREAMBED SEDIMENTS1

ABSTRACT: The distribution of trace elements in New Jersey streambed sediments is described with respect to physiographic provinces and major drainage areas. Samples were collected during 1976–1993 at 295 sites distributed throughout New Jersey. Copper, chromium, lead, and zinc were detected with the greatest frequency and at the highest concentrations of the elements. Concentrations of most trace elements were significantly higher in streambed sediments from the New England (glaciated) and Piedmont physiographic provinces - the provinces with the lowest and highest percentages of urban land use, respectively - than in sediments from the other provinces. High trace-element concentrations in the New England (glaciated) province reflect previous mining of extensive magnetite deposits, whereas those in the Piedmont province most likely reflect urban land use. Significantly lower trace-element concentrations in streambed sediments from the Coastal Plain are attributable to the low pH of the streamwater, the lack of iron and manganese available to form coatings that scavenge trace elements, and the relatively low percentage of urban land use in the province. Trace-element concentrations were related to land use, population, or point sources in the drainage basin specific to the sampling location by using logistic regression. Results of this analysis indicate a relation between arsenic and agricultural land use; chromium and physiographic province; and copper, lead, and zinc and population density.     

三峡库区土壤中有效态微量元素含量的区划

本文建立了三峡库区土壤中有效态微量元素含量的区划原则。根据确立的有效态微量元素含量丰缺的指标，运用等值线图法，采用微机处理，最后将库区划分为八个土壤亚区。     

Comparative observations on levels of mercury in scalp hair of humans from different Islands

Following the Minamata events, an extraordinary number of studies concerning mercury toxicity and human health have been undertaken. Particular attention has been given to the evaluation of the dose-response relationship, i.e., the body burden at which (evaluated through the mercury analyses in blood or hair) the risk of poisoning begins. The results of a comparative study concerning levels of mercury in the hair of fishermen living in small islands who eat seafood more than four times per week show that in two areas only, and only in a few cases in these areas, the mercury in the hair exceeds the limit at which a possible risk could exist. In fact, the limit of 50 mg/g of total mercury in the hair (indicated as the lower limit above which a possible risk could occur) is surpassed by nine fishermen out of a total of 39 at station 1 and by four fishermen out of a total of 26 at station 3. The average value at station 1 is 36.38 mg/g and that at station 3 is 30.31 mg. Many countries have set legal limits of mercury for seafood, but evidently the system does not offer a true protection for man. Only the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), as repeatedly suggested by WHO, should be considered the best guideline to prevent possibly harmful consequences.     

发射光谱法同时测定卷烟及晒烟中的有害微量元素

本文提出了同时测定卷烟和晒烟中有害元素Pb,Cd,Sn.V,Cr和Ni的原子发射光谱分析新方法。采用深孔电极粉末光谱法,优选了最佳的实验条件和仪器参数,考查了基体组分的影响。一次摄谱能同时测定以上六个元素。各元素的回收率在85.4—113％范围内,相对标准偏差在3.6—7.0％之间,用本法分析了6个实际样品,结果满意。方法可靠、适用。     

煤电大气汞驱动因素、排放预测和减排策略研究:以辽宁省为例

煤电是我国汞污染的重要来源,旨在控制汞排放的《水俣公约》也将煤电列为重点管控源.因此,我国急需提出科学合理的策略以指导煤电汞减排工作.明确煤电汞排放的驱动因素以及预测未来趋势是制定污染控制政策的基础.鉴于此,本文以辽宁省为例,综合运用对数平均迪氏分解法、环境学习曲线和情景分析模型,辨识了燃煤电厂汞排放的主要影响因素,并预测了未来十年的大气汞排放量.结果显示:2006—2017年排放从5009kg(-57.8%,79.1%)大幅下降至1419kg(-61.1%,80.2%),排放因子、煤炭消耗效率和电力行业结构是汞排放的主要抑制因素,而电力需求拉动了辽宁省大气汞排放.在基准情景下,燃煤电厂大气汞排放从2017年的1419kg下降至2030年的1243kg.在环境规划和严格控制情景下,2030年燃煤电厂大气汞排放分别下降了1200kg和1274kg.最后,本文针对辽宁省汞减排提出一系列政策建议:①通过优化电厂污染物控制设施,提高洗煤比例等措施降低汞排放因子;②继续淘汰低效燃煤电厂,并推广节能技术以提高煤炭消耗效率;③推进风能、光能等可再生能源替代煤电.