远程监控城乡管网饮用水的低量色度

选用480 nm单色光及长光程技术进行吸光光度分析,测定水质色度。通过对比普通分光光度法可知,吸光光度测试的光程长度增加10倍,测试灵敏度显著提高,从而保证低色度饮用水(30度)的测定精准度。监测的色度数据利用GSM无线通信传输系统,可实现对水质色度监测结果的远程实时动态遥传,为预警突发性水污染事故提供数据支撑。     

采煤沉陷区输电铁塔复合防护板基础抗变形性能及其板厚取值研究

以某采煤沉陷区内的典型输电铁塔及其复合防护板基础工程为背景,考虑地基-基础-上部铁塔结构的共同作用,对不同板厚复合防护板基础的抗采动变形性能进行了研究,并引入"保护作用"的概念,对独立基础和复合防护板基础的抗变形性能进行了分析。研究表明,设置复合防护板后,与独立基础相比,可明显减少铁塔支座的水平位移及上部结构的应力,支座位移与结构应力随着复合大板厚度的增大而减小,其减小的幅度随着板厚的增大而趋缓,当板厚达到一定数值以后几乎不再减小。提出的复合防护板的厚度可取铁塔基础长向根开的1/45～1/35的建议,以供采煤沉陷区内复合防护板基础的设计参考。     

PCDD/Fs-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant system responses in tobacco cell suspension cultures

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are ubiquitous contaminants and can be considerably accumulated by natural plants. In order to elucidate the biochemical and physiological responses of plant to PCDD/Fs, tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells were selected as model plant and treated with time- and concentration-dependent PCDD/Fs. The toxic effect and oxidative stress caused by PCDD/Fs were evident, which could be indicted by the reduction in fresh mass, the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the damage of tobacco cell ultrastructure. PCDD/Fs tolerance was correlated with changes in antioxidant system and hormones of tobacco cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) exhibited peak enzyme activities at the PCDD/Fs concentration of 1000 ng WHO₉₈-TEQ g⁻¹ fresh weight. Glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activity increased monotonically at high level PCDD/Fs, but the activity of catalase (CAT) was only slightly affected at all treatment. Meanwhile, the exposure to PCDD/Fs resulted in the changes of hormones content. With the increase of exposure concentration of PCDD/Fs, the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) increased, whereas the concentration of jasmonates (JAs) decreased. The above results suggest that tobacco cells had the ability to cope with the oxidative stress induced by low concentration of PCDD/Fs through increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and alternating plant hormones levels. However, oxidative stress and toxicity would burst out when plant cells were exposed to the high levels of PCDD/Fs.     

Silica nanoparticles and silver-doped silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmatic reticulum stress response and alter cytochrome P4501A activity

Engineered silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NPs) find widespread application and may lead to exposure of humans and the environment. Here we compare the effects of SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-NPs doped with silver (SiO₂-Ag-NPs) on survival and cellular function of human liver cells (Huh7) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) fibroblast cells (FMH). In Huh7 cells we investigate effects on the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), including ER stress, and interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. The NPs formed agglomerates/aggregates in cell culture media as revealed by SEM and TEM. SiO₂ and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs were taken up into cells as demonstrated by agglomerates occurring in vesicular-like structures or freely dispersed in the cytosol. Cytotoxicity was more pronounced in Huh7 than in FMH cells, and increased with silver content in silver-doped NPs. Dissolved silver was the most significant factor for cytotoxicity. At toxic and non-cytotoxic concentrations SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs induced perturbations in the function of ER. In Huh7 cells NPs induced the unfolded protein response (UPR), or ER stress response, as demonstrated in induced expression of BiP and splicing of XBP1 mRNA, two selective markers of ER stress. Additionally, SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs and AgNO₃ induced reactive oxygen species. Pre-treatment of Huh7 cells with SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs followed by exposure to the inducer benzo(a)pyrene caused a significant reduced induction of CYP1A activity. NPs did not alter the activity of ABC transporters. These data demonstrate for the first time that SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs result in perturbations of the ER leading to the ER stress response. This represents a novel and significant cellular signalling pathway contributing to the cytotoxicity of NPs.     

固体声在建筑物内的衰减、反射和透射

固体声波在建筑物内传播会产生衰减、反射和透射。文中对居民楼内的固体传声进行了理论分析,认为建筑物内固体声传播过程中存在扩散衰减、结构突变衰减和阻尼损失衰减。同时,固体声波在墙体或楼板内反射使声能密度大大增加;固体声在传播过程中会向空气中透射,使得居民室内产生结构噪声污染。文中对某小区变压器房结构噪声进行理论分析和计算,预测了变压器房上方室内的结构噪声级,计算结果表明,当设备基础上振动级达到90 dB时,二楼居民室内的结构噪声级可达到41.3 dB,这对人们的正常生活会产生十分不利的影响。计算值与实际测量值较为吻合,说明理论分析和预测计算基本是可信的。     

输变电项目竣工环保验收存在的问题及对策分析

结合输变电项目环保验收的调查实践,分析了输变电项目竣工环保验收中存在问题,提出对策及建议。     

城镇天然气管道输送工程环境风险评价探讨

在城镇天然气管道工程的环境影响评价中,环境风险评价是重点内容之一。在介绍环境风险评价基本概念的基础上,对天然气管道输送和城镇管网工程的环境风险类型（如泄漏、爆炸）进行了半定量评价。分析如何加强环境风险管理的方法和措施,为环境管理部门提供管理和科学决策的依据。     

基于大气成分观测网的山西省近地面O3体积分数分布特征

利用山西省6个大气成分观测站2019年3月至2020年2月的反应性气体O₃、NO、NO₂和NO_x连续观测资料以及同期气象资料,采用统计分析和后向轨迹分析等方法,对山西近地面O₃体积分数变化特征及影响因素进行了对比研究.结果表明,6个站的O₃体积分数一般在4~9月较高,10月至翌年3月较低,研究期内山西南部的晋城和临汾2站的O₃日最大8h体积分数滑动平均值φ（MDA8O₃）超标最严重,其次是北部的五台山、朔州和大同3站,中部的太原站O₃污染较轻.对比城市站和高山站发现,两类站点的O₃体积分数季节变化虽都表现为：夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季,但前者主要受前体物NO_x光化学反应的影响,后者的NO_x并不是产生高体积分数O₃的主要来源;两类站点的O₃日变化谱型截然相反,城市站O₃小时平均体积分数的峰谷值分别出现在15：00和06：00,而高山站分别出现在20：00和10：00,分别比城市站滞后了约5 h;此外城市站的O₃日振幅明显大于高山站.就城市站而言,相较日照时数、降水量和总云量,气温对O₃体积分数的影响更为显著;白天的NO₂体积分数直接影响O₃的日振幅大小,尽管太原站O₃的光化学生成潜力也较高,由于被高体积分数的NO滴定消耗,O₃体积分数为城市站中最低;各城市站高体积分数的O₃对应低体积分数的NO_x,低NO_x以NO₂为主,高NO_x的贡献则主要来自NO,在较高NO_x体积分数时,O₃基本上完全被消耗.影响全部站点O₃体积分数升高的地面风主要来自东南、南和西南方向,特定的风速条件将导致站点O₃体积分数增加.站点地理位置不同会引起大气污染物输送作用的差异,而来自华北平原和汾渭平原高浓度O₃的水平输送很可能是造成山西各站点O₃体积分数升高的共同原因.     

导线覆冰大跨越输电塔-线体系动力特性分析

大跨越输电塔-线体系对导线覆冰等环境荷载反应敏感,容易发生动态倒塌破坏。目前对线路覆冰下输电塔的振动问题虽然取得了一定的研究成果,但是线路覆冰下输电塔的动力特性规律尚需进一步研究。本文以实际工程为例,建立了大跨越输电塔-线体系数值分析模型,分析了导线划分精度对输电塔-线体系动力特性的影响,并在此基础上分析了导线覆冰对输电塔-线体系动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:导线划分精度对输电塔振动影响较大;导线覆冰不仅影响输电塔振动频率,而且对输电塔振型也有较大影响,尤其是对输电塔横担的振动影响更大。     

“特色交通标志”设计及其信息量度量方法研究

为提高道路交通标志准确适时的信息传递功能,在对交通标志信息传递原理进行分析的基础上,对"特色交通标志"的设计及交通标志承载的信息量量化方法进行深入研究。基于以人为本的思想,提出便于用路者辨识的"特色交通标志"设计理念,并以青藏公路为例,设计具有西藏地域特色的人性化交通标志。将视觉选择性原理引入到传统信息传递过程中,建立特色交通标志信息传递的理论模型。结合信息论中信息度量方法,提出交通标志信息量数学量化方法,并将普通交通标志与"特色交通标志"的信息量进行对比。结果表明:"特色交通标志"信息量往往较大,但在不超过标志承载最大信息量286.3 bit的前提下,"特色交通标志"信息传递性更强,更易使人们接受。