Impacts on air pollution in urban areas

Environmental management involves controlling various forms of pollution to levels that do not pose a threat to the health of the people and the environment in general. This paper presents a framework to analyze sources of local air pollution in cities. Using an OLS model, an investigation is performed of the relationship among the concentrations of air pollutants [more precisely, concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), dust, nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon oxide (CO) and ozone (O₃)], economic activities, and meteorology. Time series analysis leads to a model, that explains a high degree of the variance in the air pollution data. The model is applied to daily time series from three measurement stations in innsbruck, Austria. Estimation results of the model generally fit with the expected relations. Space heating influences SO₂, dust, and NO, while NO₂ levels are primarily affected by traffic. These results also indicate interdependent relations among the pollutants NO, NO₂, O₃, and CO; O₃ levels depend on temperature and sunshine.     

RECHARGE ESTIMATES USING A GEOMORPHIC/DISTRIBUTED-PARAMETER SIMULATION APPROACH,AMARGOSA RWER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Average-annual volumes of runoff, evapotranspiration, channel loss, upland (interchannel) recharge, and total recharge were estimated for watersheds of 53 channel sites in the Amargosa River basin above Shoshone, California. Estimates were based on a water-balance approach combining field techniques for determining streamflow with distributed-parameter simulation models to calculate transmission losses of ephemeral streamflow and upland recharge resulting from high-magnitude, low-frequency precipitation events. Application of the water-balance models to the Amargosa River basin, Nevada and California, including part of the Nevada Test Site, suggests that about 20.5 million cubic meters of water recharges the ground-water reservoir above Shoshone annually. About 1.6 percent of precipitation becomes recharge basinwide. About 90 percent of the recharge is by transmission loss in channels, and the remainder occurs when infrequent storms yield sufficient precipitation that soil water percolates beyond the rooting zone and reaches the zone of saturation from interchannel areas. Highest rates of recharge are in headwaters of the Amargosa River and Fortymile Wash; the least recharge occurs in areas of relatively low precipitation in the lowermost Amargosa River watershed.     

人工煤气管道萘沉积量预测方法及影响因素研究

为了研究人工煤气管道内萘沉积量的预测方法及其影响因素,以昆明人工煤气输气干管为例,结合TGNET软件模拟输气干管的运行工况(选用BWRS状态方程,Colebrook-White流动方程)计算管内萘沉积量,通过改变模型参数(地温、输气温度及输送压力)分析萘沉积量的影响因素。结果表明:1)萘沉积量预测方法的计算结果与实际情况的相对误差仅为3.36%,方法可行;2)饱和萘含量随地温降低而降低,随管道输送压力降低而升高,随管道输送温度降低而降低,且管内外温差越大,萘沉积量越大;3)温度变化是造成人工煤气管道中萘沉积并堵塞管道的主要原因,建议在煤气进入城市管网前先对其作降温处理,冬季在弯管、调压器等易出现萘沉积的部位添加保温设施以维持管内温度。     

基于FLACS CFD的不同气油比油气混输管道泄漏火灾后果对比

不同气油比的油气混输管道泄漏后果危害形式和风险差异的准确判断对于管道泄漏应急处置至关重要。以中国西部某油田集输管道为研究对象,针对不同气油比管道泄漏的火灾危害进行了对比分析,构建了FLACS CFD模型,并研究了油气混输管道原油泄漏形成池火的火灾特征和影响范围,以及天然气泄漏形成喷射火的高温分布和影响规律。研究结果表明:应急处置应考虑不同气油比下池火与喷射火危害的差异。在油气混输管线泄漏10 min形成稳定火焰的场景中,气油比低于100 m3/t时,原油池火为火灾危险的主要影响因素;气油比高于200 m3/t时,天然气喷射火为主要影响因素;气油比超过250 m3/t,高温覆盖距离不再明显增加;40 m为此场景下混输油气泄漏喷射火致死距离上限,120 m为温度影响上限。     

考虑行为特征的人群疏散模拟研究*

为研究聚集活动中的行人在移动过程中所表现出的行为特征对人群整体移动过程的影响,通过实验观察与计算机仿真模拟的方法对人员移动进行研究。通过对实验视频的观察分析,在CTM模型基础上建立考虑人员跟随行为与保持距离行为特性的移动模型,并在简单无障碍和复杂多障碍的场景进行仿真实验。结果表明:模型能有效地描述行人的运动特征,而且拥挤程度和行人间排斥作用越大时行人移动越慢,整个疏散过程花费时间越长;障碍物的存在会影响人群在出口处的“成拱现象”,对理解人员的运动规律和防止拥挤踩踏事故具有一定理论和现实意义。     

Infectious Diseases and Extinction Risk in Wild Mammals

Abstract:  Parasite-driven declines in wildlife have become increasingly common and can pose significant risks to natural populations. We used the IUCN Red List of Threatened and Endangered Species and compiled data on hosts threatened by infectious disease and their parasites to better understand the role of infectious disease in contemporary host extinctions. The majority of mammal species considered threatened by parasites were either carnivores or artiodactyls, two clades that include the majority of domesticated animals. Parasites affecting host threat status were predominantly viruses and bacteria that infect a wide range of host species, including domesticated animals. Counter to our predictions, parasites transmitted by close contact were more likely to cause extinction risk than those transmitted by other routes. Mammal species threatened by parasites were not better studied for infectious diseases than other threatened mammals and did not have more parasites or differ in four key traits demonstrated to affect parasite species richness in other comparative studies. Our findings underscore the need for better information concerning the distribution and impacts of infectious diseases in populations of endangered mammals. In addition, our results suggest that evolutionary similarity to domesticated animals may be a key factor associated with parasite-mediated declines; thus, efforts to limit contact between domesticated hosts and wildlife could reduce extinction risk.     

大气气溶胶无机组成的FTIR测定及与离子色谱分析的比较

利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪，固体制样方式，对北京市中关村地区的气溶胶样品中的无机组成进行了分析，并对气溶胶样品中的ＳＯ４＾２－，ＮＨ４＾＋和ＮＯ３＾－进行了定量测定，为检验ＦＴＩＲ测定法的可靠性，将ＦＴＩＲ法与离子色谱的测定结果进行了对照分析，结果表明，ＳＯ４＾２－和ＮＨ４＾的ＦＴＩＲ测定结果与离子色谱有较好的相关性。     

软管隔振结构在噪声控制中应用的研讨

由膜和板自由振动的理论分析，可以证明布质或软橡胶质制造的连接管比普通金属刚性管隔振降噪效果提高10-20dB以上。但在设计手册及现有的书刊中未见有量化设计和运用技巧方面的介绍。软连接一般存在透声问题．只要合理运用也可化害为利。这取决于对安装位置和尺量的合理选择。当选择利用其透声时，管长L应不小于管径d；如需避免其透声时，应取L≤d／4。     

基于SIS系统失电故障引发输气站放空事故的分析

通过对安全仪表系统失电故障引发输气站关断放空事故进行分析,提出后续应注意的事项,为安全仪表系统的管理提供一定的参考。     

五台山春季气溶胶传输特征

基于气溶胶监测仪Grimm180观测的2018年3~5月山西省五台山气溶胶数浓度和质量浓度数据,以及对应时段的美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）提供的全球资料同化系统（GDAS）数据,利用聚类分析和潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）等方法,研究五台山春季气溶胶数浓度和质量浓度的统计特征,分析影响五台山气溶胶浓度变化的主要传输路径,以及潜在的贡献源区.结果表明,影响春季五台山气溶胶变化的主要传输路径有6类,其中,第1,4,2,5类传输路径均为西北和偏西方向,占总轨迹62.5%,而第3,6类传输路径则为偏南和偏东方向,占总轨迹的24.7%.对不同传输路径进行统计分析,发现第1,4类传输路径对粗粒径PN₁₀、PN_>10数浓度和PM₁₀质量浓度影响最大,其潜在贡献源区主要位于内蒙古西部和陕北黄土高原一带,PSCF值在局部地区达到了0.6以上.第6,3类路径对细粒径的数浓度PN_0.5、PN_1.0和PM_1.0质量浓度影响较大,其潜在贡献源区主要位于山西中南部、陕西中部、京津冀地区中部以及河南北部区域,部分地区PSCF值达到0.8以上.细粒径的PSCF高值区主要位于五台山的偏东和偏南方向,传输高度在2km以下.随着粒径的增加,PSCF高值区变为西北和东南方向,传输高度到达了自由对流层2~4km,且通过西北地区自由对流层的输送占比逐渐增大,PSCF高值区距离五台山站也越来越远.