长输气管线维护抢修应急预案研究与应用

通过分析长输气管线可能发生的事故类型,从应急预案编制总则、应急救援组织机构及职责、类型界定、事故应急响应等级的划分、事故现场抢险及救援和事故善后处理6个环节对长输气管线维护抢修应急预案进行了研究,并制定了油气管线维修和抢险流程,同时附以案例分析,对预防和控制长输气管道事故的发生具有重要的意义。     

基于传输线模型的雷电流电磁场分布研究

在雷电电磁场理论的基础上,计算出雷电流产生的电场强度和磁场强度方程。采用传输线模型(TL)对雷电流电磁场进行计算,得出了雷电电磁脉冲的近场和远场与雷电通道底部电流的关系式,结合脉冲函数仿真了雷电通道底部电流在空间中产生的电磁场。     

高压输变电工程中的环境问题及其管理和应对

结合各电压等级输变电工程环境影响评价及环保竣工监测工作中的实践经验,讨论了高压输变电工程中直接和间接产生的主要环境问题,并针对性的提出了工程建设和管理中的应对措施,以有效降低高压输变电工程的环境影响,缓解工程建设和居民环境诉求之间的矛盾,实现电网建设的环境友好和可持续发展。     

黄棕壤中不同粒径组分的提取分级与表征

以去离子水为分散剂,采用连续分级法,结合使用筛分、沉降、离心及错流超滤(CFF)等技术,将60目黄棕壤提取分级为细砂粒(50~250μm)、粉粒(5~50μm)、粗黏粒(1~5μm)、细黏粒(0.1~1μm)、纳米微粒(<0.1μm)5个组分;采用激光粒度仪、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对分级结果进行了表征.激光衍射粒度分析所测得各组分实际粒径分布结果与划定的粒径分级范围均很好吻合,表明按上述方法对土壤颗粒进行分级是有效、可行的.TEM观察到的纳米粒级成分呈规则球形,绝大部分颗粒粒径在20~40nm之间,有少部分大颗粒团聚体存在.     

陕—甘天然气管道工程对环境的影响及防治对策

陕—甘天然气输气管道工程地跨毛乌素沙地南缘和陇东黄土高原,生态环境十分脆弱。根据对管道沿线生态环境现状以及输气工程对沿线生态环境影响的分析和预测,工程施工期将造成沿线植被的破坏及大片沙质地表和黄土的裸露以及土体结构的改变,使管道沿线20 m范围内的土壤可蚀性指数上升2～4倍,施工区平均侵蚀模数将会由施工前的0.856万t/(km2.a)增加至3.424万t/(km2.a)。若不采取有效的预防和保护措施,必将引起管道沿线土地沙漠化的扩大和水土流失的加剧。      

玉米多胞质系线粒体数量和结构特征的比较分析

以玉米多胞质系为材料,采用透射电镜的观察方法,比较观察了１１种材料中黄化幼芽细胞的线粒体结构特征的变化．观察表明,１１种材料黄化幼芽线粒体形态及外膜、内膜、泡状嵴和基质颗粒等没有什么显著的差异,而线粒体大小和每个细胞内的线粒体数量却是明显不同的．Ｆ检验说明,线粒体大小和每个细胞线粒体数量上有极显著的差异,也即是说,１１种不同细胞质类型的材料细胞质作用和核质（基因）互作是明显的．试验还观察到线粒体、分裂现象和线粒体、淀粉粒聚集在胞间连丝附近的有趣现象．     

Cooperative breeding and immunity: a comparative study of PHA response in African birds

Cooperatively breeding birds might be expected to suffer from higher costs of parasitism than pair-breeding species because of two aspects of their ecology which should facilitate horizontal transmission and possibly select for higher parasite virulence: first, they interact regularly with more individuals than pair-breeding species, and second, these individuals are commonly close relatives that could share similar resistance alleles. This hypothesis predicts that cooperative breeders should invest relatively more in immune defence than closely related species which breed in pairs. I tested this prediction comparatively in African birds by examining the response of the immune system to the mitogenic lectin, phytoahemagglutinin (PHA response) in relation to cooperative breeding. Among 66 species, of which 18 breed cooperatively, PHA response was significantly higher in cooperatively breeding species. This association appeared not to be confounded by body size, clutch size, nest position, coloniality or similarity owing to common phylogenetic descent. These results suggest that cooperatively breeding birds may have been selected to invest more than pair-breeders in defences against parasites. If so, then additional costs of philopatry and helping behaviour might be imposed on breeders, helpers and offspring.     

精益化管理在超高压输电企业的应用探讨

在简述企业精益化管理研究的基础上,以南方电网公司基层A单位为实例,分析了超高压输电企业安全生产管理现状与精益化管理要求的差距。对应解决A单位生产经营活动流程中存在的业务运转不顺畅,岗位职责不清晰等问题,通过整合系统资源,优化建立了本单位双闭环管理的“面向设备”和“面向管理”的主业务流程体系为主要特种的输电企业精益化管理模式,并建立了与此对应的输电精益化管理信息平台。通过企业的安全生产管理工作实践检验取得成效,同时展望提出了下一步精益化管理的努力方向。     

A multi-integrated approach on toxicity effects of engineered TiO2 nanoparticles

The new properties of engineered nanoparticles drive the need for new knowledge on the safety, fate, behavior and biologic effects of these particles on organisms and ecosystems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been used extensively for a wide range of applications, e.g, self-cleaning surface coatings, solar cells, water treatment agents, topical sunscreens. Within this scenario increased environmental exposure can be expected but data on the ecotoxicological evaluation of nanoparticles are still scarce. The main purpose of this work was the evaluation of effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles in several organisms, covering different trophic levels, using a battery of aquatic assays. Using fish as a vertebrate model organism tissue histological and ultrastructural observations and the stress enzyme activity were also studied. TiO₂ nanoparticles (Aeroxide® P25), two phase composition of anatase (65%) and rutile (35%) with an average particle size value of 27.6±11 nm were used. Results on the EC₅₀ for the tested aquatic organisms showed toxicity for the bacteria, the algae and the crustacean, being the algae the most sensitive tested organism. The aquatic plant Lemna minor showed no effect on growth. The fish Carassius auratus showed no effect on a 21 day survival test, though at a biochemical level the cytosolic Glutathione-S-Transferase total activity, in intestines, showed a general significant decrease (p<0.05) after 14 days of exposure for all tested concentrations. The presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles aggregates were observed in the intestine lumen but their internalization by intestine cells could not be confirmed.     

荒漠草原区油气管道建设对地表植被格局的影响

以油气管道经过的乌鲁木齐荒漠草原地区为研究对象,选择施工前、施工期以及恢复期3个不同施工阶段的遥感影像数据,解译地表植被类型,采用象元二分法提取植被覆盖度,通过比较时间上植被覆盖格局和土地利用格局的变化,分析油气管道建设对生态系统影响的范围和特点.研究发现:不同建设时期管道两边荒漠草原区土地利用类型差异较大,草地面积持续降低,共计减少32.53%,灌木林地面积增加到24.61%,建设用地面积在建设期增加,植被恢复期降低.研究区复杂程度提高,原有生态结构发生改变;建设期管道施工作业带及两侧10m范围内植被覆盖度显著低于其他区域,而管道两侧50~100以及100~200m范围内的植被覆盖度无明显差异,但与200~300m范围相比差异显著.管道建设主要影响范围为管道上方施工作业带以及两侧10m的范围内,间接影响范围为施工作业带两侧200m内;恢复期人为措施对研究区植被覆盖度的主要影响范围为施工作业带;管道建设改变了荒漠草原生态系统的组成结构,是管道周边土地利用类型和荒漠草地系统变化的主要推动力;人为恢复措施无法使受影响区域的植被恢复到建设前的水平.