环保物联网技术及应用研究

物联网的发展如火如荼,作为新兴高技术产业的重要组成部分,物联网技术广泛应用于各行各业。文中阐述了环保物联网技术及其应用系统,详细介绍了以在线监测、视频和工况监测三种手段联合监控的感知端技术,信息传输网络技术,以及环保物联网智慧监控平台,描述了物联网技术在污染企业综合监控管理、环境质量综合监测管理、环境应急管理中的实际应用,最后提出环保物联网应在技术规范、技术保障、感知设备研发、感知数据处理等方面进行深入研究,形成一个全覆盖、全运转、全应用、可持续的环保物联网体系。     

浅析水土保持监理在长输管道建设中的实施

文章结合川渝地区天然气管网调整改造工程-北外环集输气管道建设中水土流失治理监理实施情况,着重介绍了长输管道工程建设中地面开挖破坏造成水土流失的特点及成因,指出在长输管道工程建设中实施水土保持监理工作的法律及技术规范方面的依据,从8个方面提出施工现场水土保持监理的重点,并进行阐述和探讨。最后提出对此项工作的若干认识。     

Polyaniline nanofibers: acute toxicity and teratogenic effect on Rhinella arenarum embryos

The fate and effect of nanomaterials in the environment is of paramount importance towards the technological application of the materials. This work shows the ecotoxicological potential of polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers in the larvae Rhinella arenarum by means of AMPHITOX test. Acute toxicity of PANI nanofibers towards embryos of the common South American toad R. arenarum (Anura: bufonidae) was evaluated in the premetamorphosis (stage 25) larvae. The exposure of R. arenarum larvae to at dose of 150, 250 and 400 mg L⁻¹ resulted in 100% viability within 96 h exposure. The embryos at 2-4 blastomers stage (early life stage teratogenic test) revealed that embryos were not killed and no teratogenic effects were observed when embryos were incubated with PANI nanofibers (150 and 250 mg L⁻¹), while only a growth retardation of embryos was induced at levels of 250 mg PANI nanofibers L⁻¹. On the other hand, at 400 mg L⁻¹ concentration, a reduction in the body length of larvae and tail malformation was observed. This results suggest that a concentration-dependent toxicity is operative, typified by phenotypes that had abnormal body axes. The presence of PANI nanofibers in gut contents and its excretion by larval stages of R. arenarum was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy.     

软锰矿微生物催化氧化烟气脱硫

利用软锰矿与微生物联合催化氧化烟气SO₂.分别选取氧化亚铁硫杆菌（T. ferrooxidans菌）和锰氧化细菌,研究微生物对SO^2-₃的氧化性能和恢复体系中Mn（Ⅱ）和Fe（Ⅲ）的活性性能.采用紫外线诱变法,选育出了对SO^2-₃和Fe²⁺转化效率高T. ferrooxidans菌的优势菌株,对Fe²⁺的完全氧化时间缩短为约24 h.通过分析细菌与软锰矿联合催化氧化脱除SO₂的脱硫效率变化、液相中SO^2-₃离子的变化,以及二者的关系,探讨了细菌在软锰矿脱硫体系中所起的作用,并用透射电子显微镜观察了反应前后锰氧化细菌的形态变化.结果表明Fe²⁺与T. ferrooxidans菌共同存在时,T. ferrooxidans菌对SO₃^2-的转化速率可达到0.015?3　g/(L·min),优于化学氧化.T. ferrooxidans菌和锰氧化菌联合软锰矿脱硫实验结果表明,细菌对软锰矿脱硫存在强化作用;锰氧化细菌促进脱硫存在适应期,T. ferrooxidans菌和锰氧化菌存在协同效应,微生物可以完成铁锰催化剂的再生循环.     

1000 kV交流输电线路噪声的计算模式和减缓措施

介绍了几家国内外研究机构建立的用来计算预测输电线路电晕可听噪声的模式,针对皖电东送淮南至上海1000 kV特高压交流示范工程输电线路的实际参数,建立了相应的计算公式,可以较为准确的预测该类型输电线路可听噪声的大小;交流输电线路电晕产生可听噪声的影响因素众多,根据是否可控将这些因素分为两大类,并分析了单个因素对可听噪声预测值的影响程度,针对输电电路导线参数、杆塔型式和附加材料三个方面的内容,提出了几类切实可行的输电线路可听噪声减缓措施,为后续1000 kV交流输电线路的设计和建设提供参考。     

220千伏高压输电线路对电磁环境的影响分析及防治对策

通过对220kV输电线路电磁辐射的实际测量和理论计算,研究和讨论了220kV单回路和双回路输电线产生的电磁辐射对环境的影响,并提出降低电磁辐射水平的对策与建议。     

输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收相关要点分析

通过输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收工作的实践,从输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收的基本概念和相关法律、法规出发,分析了输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收工作的要点,包括敏感目标调查、生态环境影响评价与监测、声环境评价重点、公众参与等,在此基础上论述了两者之间的相互关系,最后针对输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收工作更加科学化提出了建议。     

用透射电镜研究聚硅酸硫酸铁混凝剂的形态

由水玻璃、硫酸和硫酸铁制备聚硅酸硫酸铁（ＰＦＳＳ）混凝剂,用透射电镜观察ＰＦＳＳ的形态,研究了ＰＦＳＳ的形态随硅酸聚合时间,ＳｉＯ２／Ｆｅ摩尔比和熟化时间的变化。结果表明,硅酸聚合时间,ＳｉＯ２／Ｆｅ摩尔比及熟化时间对ＰＦＳＳ的形态有较大的影响。     

Quantifying the burden of managing wildlife diseases in multiple host species

Mitigation of infectious wildlife diseases is especially challenging where pathogens affect communities of multiple host species. Although most ecological studies recognize the challenge posed by multiple-species pathogens, the implications for management are typically assessed only qualitatively. Translating the intuitive understanding that multiple host species are important into practice requires a quantitative assessment of whether and how secondary host species should also be targeted by management and the effort this will require. Using a multiple-species compartmental model, we determined analytically whether and how intensively secondary host species should be managed to prevent outbreaks in focal hosts based on the reproduction number of individual host species and between-species transmission rates. We applied the model to the invasive pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in a 2-host system in northern Europe. Avoiding a disease outbreak in the focal host (fire salamanders [Salamandra salamandra]) was impossible unless management also heavily targeted the secondary host (alpine newts [Ichthyosaura alpestris]). Preventing an outbreak in the community required targeted removal of at least 80% of each species. This proportion increased to 90% in the presence of an environmental reservoir of B. salamandrivorans and when the proportion of individuals removed could not be adjusted for different host species (e.g., when using traps that are not species specific). We recommend the focus of disease-mitigation plans should shift from focal species to the community level and calculate explicitly the management efforts required on secondary host species to move beyond the simple intuitive understanding that multiple host species may all influence the system. Failure to do so may lead to underestimating the magnitude of the effort required and ultimately to suboptimal or futile management attempts.     

考虑冰风载荷影响的输电线路运行风险评估方法*

为预防在极端冰灾环境下大规模停电事故的发生，提出1种考虑冰风载荷的输电线路运行风险评估方法。在极端冰风环境下，计算输电线路与杆塔所承受的总载荷，利用强度与应力干涉模型确定输电线路与杆塔的故障率，同时结合串联可靠性原理确定线路故障综合概率；利用非贯序蒙特卡洛法与线路故障综合概率设置预想故障集，结合直流潮流优化模型计算每条线路的失负荷量；综合考虑负荷等级与抢修恢复时间，确定线路失负荷的经济价值并定义为故障后果；将故障后果与线路故障综合概率的乘积定义为输电线路风险评估指标。以实际拓扑结构修正的IEEE30节点开展算例分析。结果表明:所提方法可对输电线路运行风险进行有效评估。