Effects of learning and adaptation on population viability

Cultural adaptation is one means by which conservationists may help populations adapt to threats. A learned behavior may protect an individual from a threat, and the behavior can be transmitted horizontally (within generations) and vertically (between generations), rapidly conferring population-level protection. Although possible in theory, it remains unclear whether such manipulations work in a conservation setting; what conditions are required for them to work; and how they might affect the evolutionary process. We examined models in which a population can adapt through both genetic and cultural mechanisms. Our work was motivated by the invasion of highly toxic cane toads (Rhinella marina) across northern Australia and the resultant declines of endangered northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus), which attack and are fatally poisoned by the toxic toads. We examined whether a novel management strategy in which wild quolls are trained to avoid toads can reduce extinction probability. We used a simulation model tailored to quoll life history. Within simulations, individuals were trained and a continuous evolving trait determined innate tendency to attack toads. We applied this model in a population viability setting. The strategy reduced extinction probability only when heritability of innate aversion was low (<20%) and when trained mothers trained >70% of their young to avoid toads. When these conditions were met, genetic adaptation was slower, but rapid cultural adaptation kept the population extant while genetic adaptation was completed. To gain insight into the evolutionary dynamics (in which we saw a transitory peak in cultural adaptation over time), we also developed a simple analytical model of evolutionary dynamics. This model showed that the strength of natural selection declined as the cultural transmission rate increased and that adaptation proceeded only when the rate of cultural transmission was below a critical value determined by the relative levels of protection conferred by genetic versus cultural mechanisms. Together, our models showed that cultural adaptation can play a powerful role in preventing extinction, but that rates of cultural transmission need to be high for this to occur.     

基于煤矿安全监测的ZigBee路由协议改进

针对基于煤矿安全监测的Zig Bee网络中数据传输的特点,对Zig Bee原有路由算法进行改进,提出了一种多路径路由协议。在协议中,重点考虑煤矿发生突发事件时大量紧急数据的传输问题,在事发节点与协调器节点之间建立多条路径并发地传输数据,提高数据的传输速率和可靠性,并且在寻找多条路径时,只将RREQ分组转发给父节点或者满足能量和广播半径要求的网络深度更低的邻居节点。仿真结果显示,改进后的路由协议在数据量大、发包速率更快的情况下表现出更优的性能,满足煤矿安全监测的要求。     

京津冀大气污染传输通道城市PM2.5污染的死亡效应评估

基于Web of science数据库搜集的1442篇文献资料,采用Meta分析方法确定PM_(2.5)污染与居民不同健康终点之间的暴露反应系数.在此基础上,本文选取2015年PM_(2.5)浓度遥感数据、公里格网人口数据及人口死亡统计数据,借助Poisson回归模型评估京津冀大气污染传输通道城市1 km×1 km尺度上PM_(2.5)污染的死亡效应.结果表明:①PM_(2.5)污染与人口总死亡率、循环系统疾病死亡率、呼吸系统疾病死亡率和肺癌死亡率等存在显著的暴露反应关系,其中,PM_(2.5)浓度每增加10μg·m~(-3),对应健康终点死亡率分别上升5.67%(95%Confidence Interval(CI):3.87%～8.29%)、6.93%(95%CI:3.92%～12.25%)、4.78%(95%CI:1.31%～17.51%)和9.55%(95%CI:3.67%～24.86%).②PM_(2.5)污染成为诱致人口死亡的重要因素,2015年京津冀大气污染传输通道城市PM_(2.5)污染造成的死亡人数为307599人,占据总死亡人数的28.64%.其中,死于循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病和肺癌的人数分别为183084、21096和32203人.③实施严格的PM_(2.5)浓度控制目标将给居民带来极大的健康收益,如果能够达成世界卫生组织4个阶段的PM_(2.5)浓度控制目标,京津冀大气污染传输通道城市可避免的死亡人数分别为144236、197167、253180和282401人,与基准年相比分别下降46.89%、64.10%、82.31%和91.81%.     

京津冀城市群大气污染传输规律研究——两组排放清单的比较分析

利用WRF/CALPUFF耦合模型,在同样重污染气象条件下,选择了当下模拟应用最广的两组排放清单对4种主要污染物（NO_x,SO₂,PM_2.5和PM₁₀）进行京津冀城市间区域传输贡献比较分析.其中一组排放清单来自政府的环境统计（以下称：环统排放清单）,另一组排放清单是来自中国多尺度排放清单（以下称：MEIC排放清单）.污染物的浓度空间分布表明,两种排放清单下污染物浓度均呈现北部以唐山中心,南部以石家庄-邯郸为中心的分布特征,均是由两个浓度最高的中心向外逐渐降低.但是环统排放清单下模拟的污染物浓度高值区范围更大,更接近实际监测数据.基于不同的清单输入,一些城市的传输角色存在一些差异.例如,对于4种污染物,两种排放清单模拟出的沧州与周边城市的净传输方向完全相反,在MEIC排放清单中,沧州以向外净传输为主,即为源;而在环统排放清单中,沧州则变成了净输入城市,即为汇.这些结论将影响大气联防联控中各城市源汇责任的认定,在实际环境管理中应注重多源数据的选择、验证和比较.     

不同生长期的Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞对工业废水中Cu2+的吸附

研究了不同生长阶段的Cu^2 吸附细菌Pseudomonas-putida5-x对Cu^2 的吸附容量。结果表明在低硫培养基中，当P.putida 5-x细胞生长刚进入对数生长期时，单位细胞对Cu^2 的吸附溶量最低。而当生长进入稳定生长期的后期或死亡期的早期时，单位细胞对Cu^2 的吸附量最大。实验结果还表明，高浓度的Cu^2 对对数期细胞的吸附能力有一定的抑制，而对死亡期的细胞影响较小。早期 研究已证明细胞对重金属离子的吸附和细胞表面某些对重金属离子具有亲和性的功能基团（如某些膜蛋白及羰基化合物）有关。利用透视电子显微镜观察了不同生长阶段的细胞表面结构及对铜离子的吸附效果，发现生长后期细胞表面吸附有较多的Cu^2 ，这表明生长后期的细胞表面可能含有较多的这类功能基团。     

输气场站SCADA控制系统故障分析处理

以某输气站为例,对输气站的SCADA控制系统在生产运行中存在的故障进行分类分析,针对各故障类别,探讨解决各部分故障的处理措施。最后阐明应根据故障产生的部位和相应的报警信息,从报警源头开始逐步检查分析,快速找到原因并进行处理及优化,从而保障系统的稳定运行和安全生产。     

Morphology and electrical conductivity of PACS

Polyaluminium chlorides with sulfate ion(PACS) were prepared by using AlCl3· 6H2O, Al(SO4 )3· 18H2O and Na2CO3 as raw materials. The effects of basicity (r), Al3 +/SO42- molar ratio and aging time on the morphology of PACS were observed by transmission electrical microscope. The influence of aging time on charge neutralization and coagulation effect of PACS was studied.The effects of basicity (r), Al3+/SO42- molar ratio and aging time on the electrical conductivity of PACS solution were also investigated. The experimental results show that the degree of polymerization of polyaluminium chloride(PAC) increases when SO42-ion is added. The higher the basicity(r) and the longer the aging time, the larger the size of polymer PACS. The ability of PACS neutralizing the charge on Kaolinite decreases with the increase of aging time. The electrical conductivity of PACS solution (the concentration of Al3+ ion is 0.18 mol/L) with different aging time is the function of the basicity and Al3 +/SO42- molar ratios and has its maximum at r = 0.5 and Al3+/SO42- = 12.     

甘蔗不同叶位叶片形态与冠层特征的关系

利用CI-100数字植物冠层分析仪和CI-203叶面积分析仪测定了4个甘蔗品种不同叶位层的冠层参数和相应叶位叶片的形态特征，结果表明：不同基因型不同叶位层问叶片形态、冠层空间结构和冠层辐射特征存在显著差异，不同叶位层叶面积指数、叶簇倾角和叶分布的变化主要由冠层内不同叶位叶片叶宽的变化引起，而不同叶位层消光系数的变化主要与叶簇倾角和叶分布有关；散射光透过系数的变化主要与叶面积指数、叶簇倾角和叶分布有关，直射光透过系数的变化主要与叶分布、叶宽、长宽比有关，光合有效辐射的变化与叶面积指数、叶面积、叶宽、长宽比有关．研究结果同时表明，叶片形态与冠层辐射特征存在显著的典型相关关系．图2表4参15。     

螺旋翼片管三辊行星轧机运动分析

分析了螺旋翼片管三辊行星轧机的工作原理 ,给出了传动系统设计的基本公式。     

成都经济区有机氯农药异常区大气影响推断

以成都经济区中德阳绵竹有机氯农药异常区为重点,选取跨越异常区主风向(西北-东南)的长剖面,采集大气颗粒物样品和降水样品以及与大气采样点相对应的土壤样进行测试分析。采样自2007年6月18日起,每三个月(一个季度)收集一次,为期一年。研究表明表层土壤中HCH最高含量值均位于海拔400～700m之间,大气降水对土壤HCH的贡献量很大,是去除大气中HCH的有效形式。由于山脉阻碍和改变气流的活动情况,空气对流强度增加,温度下降显著,形成大量山前降水,使得有机氯农药沉降效率较高。高海拔地区有机氯农药含量的多少取决于有机氯农药本身的挥发性、蒸汽压、距离有机氯农药源区的距离以及传输通道的环境条件(高程变化、风向、温度、降水量、降水频度等)。