Photocatalytic oxidation of monuron in the suspension of WO3 under the irradiation of UV-visible light

A comprehensive study of the degradation of monuron, one of the phenylurea herbicides, was conducted by UV-Vis/WO₃ process. It was found that hydroxyl radicals played a major role in the decay of monuron while other radicals (e.g. superoxide) and hole might also contribute to the decomposition of monuron. The oxidation path likely plays a major role in the generation of hydroxyl radicals. The effects of initial pH level, initial concentration of monuron, and inorganic oxidants on the performance of UV-Vis/WO₃ process were also investigated and optimized. Comparison between monuron decay pathways by UV-Vis/WO₃ and UV/TiO₂ was conducted. The decay mechanisms, including N-terminus demethylation, dechlorination and direct hydroxylation on benzene ring, were observed to be involved in the oxidation of monuron in these two processes. Sixteen intermediates were identified during the photodegradation of monuron and degradation pathways were proposed accordingly.     

Catalytic destruction of pentachlorobenzene in simulated flue gas by a V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst

Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) in simulated flue gas was destructed by a commercial V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst in this study. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, space velocity and some co-existing pollutants on PeCB conversion were investigated. Furthermore, a possible mechanism for the oxidation of PeCB over the vanadium oxide on the catalysts was proposed. Results show that the increase of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and the decrease of operating temperature both resulted in the decrease of PeCB removal over the catalyst, while the effect of the oxygen content in the range of 5-20% (v/v) on PeCB conversion was negligible. PeCB decomposition could be obviously affected by the denitration reactions under the conditions because of the positive effect of NO but negative effect of NH₃. The introduction of SO₂ caused the catalyst poisoning, probably due to the sulfur-containing species formed and deposited on the catalyst surface. The PeCB molecules were first adsorbed on the catalyst surface, and then oxidized into the non-aromatic acyclic intermediates, low chlorinated aromatics and maleic anhydride.     

The OH-induced degradation mechanism of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) with two forms in the water: a DFT comparison

The initial degradation mechanisms of OH and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) including molecular form and anionic form are studied at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df, 2p)//MPWB1K/6-31+G(d, p) level. Possible reaction pathways of H-atom abstraction and OH addition are considered in detail. By result comparison analysis, it is found that the reaction mechanisms for OH and two forms of MCPA are different, and most reactions for anionic MCPA are easier than those for molecular MCPA. For H-atom abstraction reactions, the calculated energies show that OH abstracting H-atom from -CH₃ group of molecular MCPA is the most kinetically favorable process; the potential energy surface for anionic MCPA indicates that H-atom in -CH₂ group is slightly easier to be abstracted than that in -CH₃ group. For OH addition reactions, the addition of OH to the C1 site is the initial step for molecular MCPA and the predominant product is 4-chloro-2-methylphenol (denoted P3), while the C4 site is the most reactive site for anionic MCPA and the primary product results from the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, which is in good agreement with the experimental observation. In additional, results from PCM calculations show that most reactions in water phase are more kinetically favorable than those in gas phase, though the mechanisms discussed above will not be changed.     

磁性海泡石吸附Cr(VI)特性及动力学

采用化学共沉淀法合成磁性海泡石,通过静态吸附实验研究磁性海泡石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性及其动力学。结果表明,磁性海泡石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附在90 min内即可达到平衡;体系的初始pH是影响磁性海泡石吸附Cr(Ⅵ)性能的重要因素;当废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的初始浓度为50 mg/L时,磁性海泡石的适宜投加量为10 g/L;随反应温度的升高,磁性海泡石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量增加;温度为25、35和45℃时,磁性海泡石对Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附量分别为3.32、3.72、4.08 mg/g;吸附动力学曲线可以用拟二级反应动力学模型拟合;内扩散和液膜扩散联合控制Cr(Ⅵ)在磁性海泡石上的吸附过程,其中内扩散的控速作用大于液膜扩散。     

基于冷阴极触发管振动试验夹具的设计

介绍了一种基于冷阴极触发管性能检测及振动试验所需的夹具,从夹具材料的选取、结构设计和刚度要求进行了设计,分析了该夹具在制造过程中存在的关键问题及解决方法,并在振动试验中加以验证。     

清洁发展机制在石油行业的潜力分析

系统分析了石油行业清洁发展机制项目的潜力,并提出了建议。在统计与石油行业相关的清洁发展机制方法学及其注册项目和温室气体减排量的基础上,给出了各方法学与石油行业的相关性。从勘探与生产、天然气与管道、炼油与化工三大领域,分析了石油行业潜在的清洁发展机制项目领域。最后,提出了对石油行业开展清洁发展机制相关工作的建议。     

城市规划与城镇土地定级相互作用机理研究

城市规划与城镇土地定级之间的相互影响是多方面的。一是城市规划纲要、城市总体规划以及控制性详细规划的编制,分别从宏观和微观两方面影响着城镇土地定级工作;而城市规划的不同实施方式和不同实施程度对具体地块土地级别以及城镇土地级别空间分布格局有着直接和较大的影响。二是城镇土地级别现状和城镇土地级别变化趋势分析,潜在影响着城市规划方案设计、城市规划方案决策、城市规划实施和管理过程,并为其提供依据和指导。在此基础上,如何量化城市规划对城镇土地定级的影响值得进一步具体研究;发挥城镇土地定级工作的作用,更好地为城市规划服务,解决人们的住房问题,更值得深入思考。     

新型材料淀粉微球对Cu2＋、Cr3＋和Pb2＋的吸附机理研究

以可溶性淀粉为原料,在反相悬浮体系中合成N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺交联淀粉微球为载体,研究了新型吸附材料淀粉微球（cross-linked starch microsphere,CSMs）对Mn＋（Cu2＋、Cr3＋、Pb2＋）的静态吸附行为。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和红外光谱仪对微球及其吸附产物进行表征,分析讨论了3种金属原子结构,研究了吸附机理。结果表明：308K时,Cu2＋、Pb2＋和Cr3＋的饱和吸附量分别是2.43、0.30和0.27 mmol/g,CSMs对Cu2＋离子吸附能力最强,并且其通过物理吸附、配位吸附方式吸附Mn＋,并得出引起微球吸附能力大小可能与金属离子电荷、离子半径和外层电子排布的差异因素有关。     

超声吹脱去除氨氮的机理和动力学研究

采用超声吹脱技术对某印染厂印染废水中的氨氮进行了处理实验,探索了其反应机理并进行了动力学研究。研究表明,叔丁醇的存在没有降低废水中氨氮的去除率,证明.OH不是超声吹脱去除氨氮反应中的主导氧化物种。通过对反应产物的分析发现,超声吹脱去除氨氮的机理主要是氨氮以游离态的方式在空化效应下高温高压热解成氮气和氢气排出,同时氨气在空化效应产生的超临界状态下传质速度加快,在吹脱条件下更易于从废水中散失。动力学分析表明,印染废水中氨氮的超声去除反应属于一级反应,符合一级反应动力学。     

活性炭吸附和脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气的研究

根据滑动弧放电等离子体适于降解高浓度有机物废气的特性,结合活性炭吸附法,提出了吸附器的吸附浓缩和热脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气的方法。在活性炭吸附过程中,最初2 h内甲苯净化率达到100%,随着时间的增加净化率下降;在热脱附滑动弧放电等离子体净化过程中,甲苯降解效率最高为97.3%。将滑动弧放电等离子体反应器出口气相产物收集进行FT-IR检测,发现放电后有CO2、CO、H2O和NO2产生,并分析了甲苯的降解机理。