算术平均值及其分布

平均值和标准偏差是误差理论和数理统计理论中的两个核心问题.平均值的计算方法虽然简单,但是,它的内涵却并不是十分简单.本文以通俗的语言对平均值的本质作了深入浅出的介绍.     

分光光度法快速测定水中苯酚

建立了简单、快速的测定水中苯酚的分光光度法。方法基于苯酚与硝普钠在有氨基的试剂盐酸羟胺存在下发生Berthelot颜色反应,生成靛酚染料,从而对苯酚进行光谱测定。考察了测定波长,pH值、Na2HP04-NaOH缓冲溶液用量,硝普钠的用量、盐酸羟胺的用量,反应时间对苯酚检测的影响。在优化的实验条件下,线性范围为0．05—0．5mg·L^-1（r=0．9996）。检出限为0．005mg·L^-1,对浓度为0．3mg·L^-1的苯酚样品溶液平行测定5次,RSD为1．32％。以上结果表明,此方法具有线性范围较宽,灵敏度和精密度较高,操作简便,易实现水质在线监测等特点。     

岩溶隧道突涌水预警体系的建立

为加强岩溶隧道突涌水预警的准确性,基于理论分析方法及岩溶隧道实际特点,提出溶洞侵入及未侵入隧道两类情况下的岩溶隧道突涌水预警体系的建立方法.通过理论分析,确定了突涌水的主要影响因素及其发生过程中变化显著的监测项目.选择溶洞特质、水的变化、岩盘破损程度、节理裂隙形态为预警体系的主要评价指标.根据溶洞与隧道相对位置关系,建...     

间作栽培对连作马铃薯根际土壤微生物区系的影响

为探究不同间作栽培模式缓解马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）连作障碍的可行性及作用机制,以马铃薯单作为对照,研究马铃薯间作玉米（Zea mays）、蚕豆（Vicia faba）和荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）3种模式对连作马铃薯根际土壤养分含量及微生物区系的影响.结果表明,间作种植模式下马铃薯根际土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量显著低于马铃薯单作,根际土壤速效磷降幅最大,达45％以上,土壤pH值明显下降.间作栽培模式改变了马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落结构,降低了根际土壤真菌的数量;间作栽培模式对马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用能力也有明显影响,其中马铃薯间作蚕豆和间作玉米处理马铃薯根际土壤微生物培养120 h的平均颜色变化率分别比对照高13.39％和4.30％.马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落总体上对碳水化合物利用率较高,对芳香化合物的利用率较低.间作蚕豆明显促进了马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落的碳源代谢强度,而且能维持较稳定的产量,因而可能是一种有利于改善马铃薯连作栽培根际微生态环境、缓解连作障碍的栽培模式.     

对氨基偶氮苯盐酸盐溶液色度与吸收光谱的关系

本文研究了对氨基偶氮苯盐酸盐水溶认的色度与吸收光度谱的关系。着重探讨了利用吸鹛光谱确定的溶液的色度。     

CAUSES OF UGHT AVI'ENUATION IN TAMPA BAY AND CHARLOTTE HARBOR,SOUTHWESTERN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Vertical attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in clear waters of central Florida theoretically can vary almost 50 percent during a sunny summer day as a result of changing solar elevation. We used a simple formula to partially adjust the attenuation coefficient in Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor for changing solar elevation of the direct beam and then used multiple regression analysis to estimate the relative contribution of different water properties or constituents to the adjusted attenuation coefficient, k_adj. Color, on an average, was responsible for 18 percent of k_adj, chlorophyll a for 21 percent, nonchiorophyll suspended matter for 55 percent, and seawater for the remaining 6 percent. In both estuaries, k_adj increased with decreasing salinity as a result of freshwater runoff adding color, suspended matter, and nutrients. Nutrients affected attenuation by stimulating phytoplankton growth and increasing concentrations of chlorophyll a. Reduced nutrient loading to upper Tampa Bay (Hilisborough Bay) in the early to mid-1980's appears to have decreased concentrations of chlorophyll a, increased water clarity, and increased seagrass recolonization. Assuming other attenuating substances remained unchanged, the decrease in the average concentration of chlorophyll a from 30 to 15 μg L_?1 would correspond to an increase in the depth of light penetration necessary for seagrass survival (>10 percent incident light) from 1.0 to 1.5 m, which, on a relatively flat sea bed (slope of 2 m/km), would increase the area potentially available for seagram recolonization by 0.25 km²/km of shoreline.     

水解酸化/AO组合工艺处理印染废水色度去除与脱氮性能

偶氮染料是一种具有稳定化学结构的活性染料,排放至环境中会损害人体健康和影响水生生物生长.利用水解酸化/AO组合工艺处理含偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B(RR2)的印染废水,重点考察了色度去除和脱氮性能.组合工艺可有效去除色度、化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮,去除率分别为71. 0%、92. 2%和83. 5%.水解酸化反应器中主要偶氮染料降解菌为Desulfovibrio; AO反应器中硝化菌主要为Nitrospira,反硝化菌为Thauera和Dechloromonas.水解酸化温度从25℃提高至35℃,色度去除率提高141. 2%; 25℃时COD浓度从200 mg·L~(-1)提高至800 mg·L~(-1),色度去除率提高208. 9%. AO反应器出现亚硝酸盐积累现象,亚硝化率为73. 8%.染料RR2对硝化没有抑制作用,而苯胺会抑制硝化;当苯胺浓度超过6mg·L~(-1)时,氨氮氧化速率最低.     

三维电极法对印染废水脱色的实验研究

对三维电极方法处理模拟印染废水的脱色进行了实验研究,初步探讨了三维电极处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种因素,如曝气、填充物质种类、活性炭与铁屑重量比、槽电压、电极间距、初始废水pH值等进行了条件实验。实验结果表明：不曝气的脱色效果比曝气的脱色效果好;填充物为混合物活性炭与铁屑比活性炭、无填充物的脱色效果好;混合物活性炭和铁屑重量比为2：1时的脱色效果最佳;槽电压越高,脱色效果越好,但当大于某个值16v时,处理效果反而会下降;电极间距越小,脱色效果越好,但间距小于1．5cm时易短路而影响脱色效果;中性条件下的脱色率要优于酸性和碱性条件下的;综合考虑,在不曝气,活性炭和铁屑重量比为2：1,槽电压为16v,电极间距为6cm,溶液浓度为200mg／L,pH=6的条件下,降解时间为90win,脱色率可达98．7％。     

隔膜槽中ACF电极成对电解脱色活性艳蓝KN-R

同时以活性炭纤维(ACF)为阳极和阴极,在隔膜电解槽中研究了不同电流密度下蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R的电化学脱色.考察了ACF阳极和ACF阴极各自对染料的脱色性能.结果表明,当电流密度为1.0～1.5 mA/cm2时,电解槽中发生阳极电氧化和阴极电还原同时进行的成对电解脱色.在ACF电极上,活性艳蓝KN-R的电氧化脱色比电还原脱色容易进行,1.0 mA/cm2时,阴阳两极室脱色率分别为69%和93%,而1.5 mA/cm2时,阳极室脱色率保持在93%,阴极室脱色率达到79%.     

Decolorization and biodegradation of dye wastewaters by a facultative-aerobic process

BACKGROUND: Dye wastewater is one of the main pollution sources of water bodies in China. Conventional biological processes are relatively ineffective for color removal, the development of alternative treatment methods will become important. Our subjective was that of introducing a new biotreatment technology which combined a facultative biofilm reactor (FBR) with an aerobic reactor (AR) to treat a dye wastewater. The efficiencies of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the mechanism of dye degradation were investigated. METHODS: The anthraquinone acid dye (acid blue BRLL) concentration, organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were varied in the experiments to evaluate the treatment efficiency and process stability. The biodegradation products were detected by infrared (IR) and high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrated that the facultative biofilm process was more effective for decolorization than the anaerobic stage of an anaerobic-aerobic process. Most color removal occurred in the facultative reaction (maximum to 88.5%) and the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand): COD of the FBR effluent increased by 82.2%, thus improving the biodegradability of dyes for further aerobic treatment. The dye concentration, OLR and HRT will be the factors affecting decolorization. Color removal efficiency falls as the influent dye concentration increases, but rises with increased HRT. The infrared and HPLC-MS analyses of the effluents of FBR and AR reveal that the dye parent compound was degraded in each reactor during the process. CONCLUSION: The Facultative-aerobic (F-A) system can effectively remove both color and COD from the dye wastewater. The FBR played an essential role in the process. The average overall color and COD in the system were removed by more than 93.9% and 97.1%, respectively, at an OLR of 1.1 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) and at the HRT of 18-20 hours in the FBR and 4-5 hours in the AR. The color removal mechanism in each reactor was not only a sort of biosorption on the floc materials, but even more an effect of biodegradation, especially in the facultative process. Recommendation and Outlook. In applying the F-A system to treat a dye wastewater, the control of facultative processes and the set up of appropriate operation conditions appear to be critical factors. Also, it is suggested a moderate COD loading rate and about a 24-hour HRT will favor the F-A system.