纳米铁锰氧化物对钒的吸附特性研究

为寻求处理土壤和地下水钒污染的吸附剂,采用模拟实验,开展了纳米铁锰氧化物(MnFe_2O_4)对五价钒(V~(5+))的吸附特征研究,分析了纳米铁锰氧化物浓度、pH值、时间、温度和初始钒浓度等因素对MnFe_2O_4吸附V~(5+)的影响,以揭示纳米铁锰氧化物的吸附动力学及热力学等特征,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(IR)等表征方法分析了纳米铁锰氧化物吸附V~(5+)的机理.结果表明,在初始钒溶液为100 mg·L~(-1),MnFe_2O_4加入量为0.1 g,pH=4,温度为25℃的条件下,吸附过程在24 h达到平衡,且此条件下有最大吸附值和吸附率,分别为15.14 mg·g~(-1)和60.54%.纳米铁锰氧化物吸附钒的动力学过程符合伪二级动力学模型,等温吸附线符合Langmuir模型.热力学研究表明,升高温度有利于吸附,吸附过程为吸热过程.由扫描电镜结果可知,纳米铁锰氧化物有较大的比表面积,可提供较多的活性位点.因此,纳米铁锰氧化物可作为一种吸附材料用于钒污染废水处理.     

对流云云中酸化的数值模拟——Ⅰ.模式建立和初步结果

发展了一维半、时变、微物理过程参数化处理的对流云云雨酸化的物理-化学模式,较为全面地考虑了污染气体向液水的质量传输过程以及液相化学反应动力学过程.通过初步模拟发现,垂直上升气流会很快把低层高浓度SO_τ气体输送到云的上层,从而使酸化过程得到加强;云滴与雨滴微物理结构的不同,对污染气体的吸收影响很大,小的云滴比雨滴更易酸化,云、雨水对污染气体的吸收和云、雨水的比含水量有关.因对流云云内外交换强烈,液水吸收掉的污染气体量相对于环境场而言是很小的.     

空气和废气中醛酮污染物的气相色谱测定

以２,４－二硝基肼酸性饱和溶液吸收空气和废气中的醛和酮所形成的腙衍生物用毛细管气相色谱分析。本法预处理回收率在９４％以上,最低检测限为０．０５－０．１ｎｇ,可测定空气和车间空气中挥发性和半挥发性醛和酮类污染物。     

寻求解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径

针对乌鲁木齐市最突出的环境问题——冬季采暖期空气污染,从主客观二方面进行了原因分析,并结合“十一五”和2020年环境保护目标,从7个方面分析论述了解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径,使多年困扰乌鲁木齐市的空气污染问题有望从根本上得到解决。     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

溶液环境对荷电超滤膜和传统中性超滤膜去除天然有机物的影响

以Aldrich 腐殖酸溶液为水样,研究比较了溶液环境(pH值、离子强度和钙离子)对荷电改性再生纤维素超滤膜和传统中性未改性再生纤维素超滤膜过滤过程的影响.结果表明, ①pH值主要通过质子化作用影响荷电膜以及腐殖酸分子的荷电量,进而影响荷电超滤过程.溶液pH值从7.5下降到3.5时,荷电超滤膜对腐殖酸的截留率从92%减少到79%,超滤4 h时,膜通量下降从26%增加到36%.②离子强度的改变是通过影响腐殖酸分子的物化性质和静电屏蔽作用来影响超滤过程的.当溶液离子强度为0、 3和100 mmol/L时,初始截留率依次降低,分别为92%、 87%和48%,超滤4 h时,荷电超滤膜的通量下降依次增加,分别为26%、 35%和63%.③Ca2+浓度的影响,需要综合考虑静电屏蔽作用、Ca2+的架桥作用以及滤饼层的压实性等各方面的影响.④pH值、离子强度和钙离子对中性超滤膜过滤行为的影响趋势与荷电超滤膜相似,但其影响程度有着较大的差别.研究结果对荷电超滤膜技术在实际应用中选择合适环境条件提供了参考.     

土壤与酸性含氟溶液相互作用特征及机理研究

通过反复多次提取实验方法模拟了酸性含氟溶液与红壤和赤红壤相互作用过程。结果表明：在相互作用过程中，土壤中氟含量不同对土壤溶液pH有明显不同的影响。当氟含量较低时氟离子对土壤溶液pH的影响不明显；当浓度较高时则可大大提高土壤溶液的pH，缓冲土壤酸化。在第一次提取中因氟的大量吸附可减少溶液中铝的浓度，且氟含量越高铝浓度越少量越大。随提取次数增加土壤溶液中铝、氟浓度同时增加，且氟含量越高铝浓度越大，其中氟以AI－F络合物为主。     

几种化学浸提剂对底泥重金属生物有效部分浸提效果的比较

采用微生态系统生物长期暴露试验,比较５种化学浸提剂对底泥重金属生物有部分的浸提效果。结果表明,０．００５ｍｏｌ／ＬＤＴＰＡ＋０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＴＥＡ＋０．０１ｍｏＬ ＣａＣｌ２,ｐＨ７．３０是一种适合于食腐屑底栖动物的底泥重金属生物有效部分浸提剂;而０．００５ｍｏｌ／ＬＤＴＰＡ＋１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮＨ４ＨＣＯ３．ｐＨ７．６８则一种适合于滤食性动物和水生根系植物底泥重金属生物有效部分浸提剂。     

Dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen and their responses to nitrogen additions in three subtropical forests, south China

Three forests with different historical land-use, forest age, and species assemblages in subtropical China were selected to evaluate current soil N status and investigate the responses of soil inorganic N dynamics to monthly ammonium nitrate additions. Results showed that the mature monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest that has been protected for more than 400 years exhibited an advanced soil N status than the pine （Pinus massoniana） and pine-broadleaf mixed forests, both originated from the 1930＇s clear-cut and pine plantation. Mature forests had greater extractable inorganic N pool, lower N retention capacity, higher inorganic N leaching, and higher soil C/N ratios. Mineral soil extractable NH4^＋-N and NO3-N concentrations were significantly increased by experimental N additions on several sampling dates, but repeated ANOVA showed that the effect was not significant over the whole year except NH4^＋-N in the mature forest. In contrast, inorganic N （both NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in soil 20-cm below the surface was significantly elevated by the N additions. From 42% to 74% of N added was retained by the upper 20 cm soils in the pine and mixed forests, while 0%-70% was retained in the mature forest. Our results suggest that land-use history, forest age and species composition were likely to be some of the important factors that determine differing forest N retention responses to elevated N deposition in the study region.     

二氧化硫甲醛吸收液动态稳定性的实验研究

通过对测定大气中二氧化硫甲醛吸收液动态稳定性的研究,探讨了稳定性对２４小时连续监测（手工采样）结果的影响及采样时间、流量和吸收液用量因素对监测结果影响的理论揭示。