SPME-GC/MS法测定垃圾渗沥液中双酚A

建立了固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法测定垃圾渗沥液中双酚A的方法,并用于广州大田山垃圾渗沥液中双酚A含量的测定。对影响萃取的参数进行了优化,实验选用涂层厚度为85μm聚丙烯酸酯(PA)萃取纤维,在搅拌速度为1200r/min、NaCl浓度为20%、pH2.0和室温条件下萃取60min。方法的线性范围为0.1～100μg/L,检出限为0.03μg/L,精密度为6.6%。应用本方法监测了广州大田山垃圾渗沥液中BPA的含量在生物法处理过程中的变化情况。     

火焰原子吸收法测定苹果中波尔多液的农药残留

通过原子吸收法测定苹果果皮、果肉上波尔多液的农药残留铜的含量,结果表明:喷洒了波尔多液的苹果果皮上铜含量明显大于果肉,在果皮上有一定的农药残留;而未喷洒波尔多液的苹果果皮和果肉中铜的含量的差异很小。     

基于Monte-Carlo法的瑶寨隧道岩体结构性质评价

本文以瑶寨隧道为研究对象,结合现场地质分析与结构面统计,以Monte-Carlo法为基础,对该隧道各测线不同等级围岩分别进行结构面网络模拟,评价遂道岩体的结构性质,并进行工程岩体分类,估算其力学参数,以为采取合适的围岩支护方式提供依据。     

硝酸-高氯酸消解——原子荧光法测定茶叶中的硒

建立硝酸-高氯酸消解-原子荧光法测定茶叶中的硒的方法,硒浓度在0．00～40．00μg／L范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,线性方程为y=31．2647,线性相关系数r=0．9996。样品6次定结果的相对标准偏差为3．9％,加标回收率为90．8％-95．2％。环境标准物质测定结果与标准值相吻合。     

Releases of phosphate fertilizer industry in the surrounding environment: Investigation on heavy metals and polonium-210 in soil

Distribution of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni,Mn concentrations and the activity of polonium-210 in the surrounding area of a phosphate fertilizer industry located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea has been determined.Nineteen sampling sites were distributed around the industrial zone on a surface area of about 100,000 m2.Atomic absorption spectroscopy and Alpha spectroscopy were used to quantify the heavy elements and polonium-210,respectively.Investigation on a particle scale was conducted by TEM and SEM coupled to EDX and X-ray cartography to determine the nature of heavy elements carriers and their distribution.Heavy elements were mainly concentrated inside the particle size fraction 50 μm.Their levels decreased with distance increasing from the industry.According to the reference soil,enrichment factors were about 10,15,32 and 100 times for Zn,Pb,Cu,and Cr,respectively inside the particle size fraction 50 μm on the closest sites to the industry.The main contaminant sources were transport and storage of row materials and the free release of phosphogypsum waste.Heavy elements were entrapped inside agglomerates of sulfates,phosphates and iron oxihydroxides in a di used shape.Polonium-210 with an enrichment factor of about 56,showed the same behavior of the spatial distribution of the trace elements.     

气溶胶质谱仪在研究有机气溶胶环境微界面过程中的应用

有机气溶胶非均相和多相反应是复杂的微界面过程,它涉及气体的吸附、扩散、反应和解吸,传统的化学分析仪器不能提供完整实时的微界面过程的化学反应信息.气溶胶质谱仪是近年来发展起来用于实时分析颗粒物化学组分的重要仪器,它弥补了传统化学分析仪器,如GC/MS在实时分析上的不足,为研究有机气溶胶非均相化学反应的微界面过程提供了新的方法.本文旨在介绍气溶胶质谱仪的结构及其在研究有机气溶胶环境微界面过程中的应用.     

海水中痕量元素测定及其在重金属污染源判别方面的应用

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)研究了胶州湾及莱州湾这两个海域中痕量元素污染水平,发展了ICP-MS海水环境中痕量元素的测定方法,同时找出海水环境中具有保守性的数种元素作为污染示踪元素.达到对于海水环境中痕量污染物被动示踪的目的.对18个真实样品进行了识别率试验,识别率可达90%以上,在选取3个海水样品及1个河水样品混合后的模拟分担率实验,也取得了满意的结果,其误差平均值仅有1.17%.     

典型铝合金在江津自然大气环境中的腐蚀行为研究

通过在我国江津典型工业污染大气环境进行大气暴晒实验,测定了1060纯铝、2A12铝合金和7A04铝合金在该地区的腐蚀速率,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散X射线谱（EDX）、红外光谱（FT—IR）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）观察分析3种铝合金腐蚀表面形貌、元素分布和腐蚀产物结构。结果表明：随腐蚀时间的延长,铝及其合金腐蚀产物不断增多,失重数值增加,腐蚀失重与时间的关系呈幂函数规律（C—A t^n）;腐蚀产物形貌呈块状或粒状,呈现不均匀的凹凸形貌;腐蚀产物主要为Al（OH）3和Al2（SO4）3·14H2O;耐蚀性能由强至弱依次为1060〉2A12〉7A04。     

Driver's obesity and road crash risks in the United States

Objective: We assessed obesity trends in U.S. drivers involved in fatal crashes since 1999 and distinguished whether crash risk factors were different between obese and nonobese drivers.

Methods: We included only drivers of passenger cars involved in fatal traffic crashes between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2012. Obesity was classified according to the World Health Organization guidelines and profiled between 1999 and 2012 using the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) from log-binomial regression models. Differences in crash risks (e.g., driver's fatality, drunk driving, seat belt nonuse) between obese and nonobese drivers were estimated as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) using logistic regression models.

Results: A total of 753,024 U.S. drivers were involved in fatal crashes, for which obesity information was available for 534,887. About 56% (n = 299,078) were driving passenger cars. The prevalence of class I obesity increased from 10% in 1999 to 14% in 2012 (aPR = 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42–1.58), class II obesity from 3 to 5% (aPR = 2.22, 95% CI, 2.05–3.01), and class III obesity from 1 to 2% (aPR = 2.65; 95% CI, 2.27–3.10). Compared to nonobese controls, obese drivers had significantly higher risks for fatality (1.10 ≤ aOR ≤ 1.47), seat belt nonuse (1.00 ≤ aOR ≤ 1.21), need for extrication (1.01 ≤ aOR ≤ 1.23), and ambulance transport time ≥30 min (1.01 ≤ aOR ≤ 1.28). Compared to nonobese controls, obese drivers were less likely to drink drive (0.41 ≤ aOR ≤ 0.72) or speed >65 mph (0.78 ≤ aOR ≤ 0.93).

Conclusion: The rising national prevalence of obesity extends to U.S. drivers involved in fatal crashes and indicates the need to improve seat belt use, vehicle design, and postcrash care for this vulnerable population.     

2014年1月北京市大气重污染过程单颗粒物特征分析

利用在线单颗粒物气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)对2014年1月北京市典型大气重污染过程进行了连续监测,分析了具有正负离子质谱信息的颗粒物共2248225个.同时,利用ART-2a神经网络分类方法并结合Matlab统计分析,将具有质谱信息的颗粒物归为10类,分别为:矿尘类颗粒物(Dust)、元素碳颗粒物(EC)、有机碳颗粒物(OC)、元素碳和有机碳混合颗粒物(ECOC)、钠钾颗粒物(NaK)、富钾颗粒物(K)、含氮有机物(KCN)、高分子有机物(MOC,Macromolecular OC)、多环芳烃类颗粒物(PAHs)和重金属类颗粒物(Metal).结合PM_2.5质量浓度数据和HYSPLIT 4.0后向轨迹模型结果,将观测时间段划分为3个典型污染过程和1个清洁过程.结果显示,重污染期间OC、MOC和PAHs为最主要的颗粒物类型.最后,本文还比对分析了污染过程和清洁期间颗粒物的混合状态,结果表明,污染过程中硫酸盐和硝酸盐较清洁期间更容易与碳质颗粒物结合.