基于统一强度理论的松散岩体的围岩压力计算

对于软弱破碎岩体,在埋深较浅的情况下,可以采用太沙基理论计算围岩压力。破裂面两侧作用着摩擦力,采用统一强度理论考虑破裂面两侧的摩擦力,从应力传递概念出发,推得了作用于衬砌上的垂直围岩压力公式。计算结果表明强度理论的效应是明显的。本文给出了围岩压力的范围值。     

SYNERGETICS ANALYSIS OF ROCK MASS BASED ON ITS CHARACTERISTIC OF DISCONTINUATION

<正>Based on the noncontinuity of rock mass, views it as a system made of blocks that are divided by dissconti-nuties. Take the relative displacement of blocks as order parameter and establish its main equation using the micro-cosmic disposal method of synergetics. Then solve this equation and get its solution of nonstationary state. Narrate the characteristic of change and interrelated factors of blocks' displacement through the analysis of nonstationary state of main equation.     

How effective are broad-scale nutrient mass balances for determining the sustainability of lot-feed manure application?

Nutrient mass balances have been used to assess a variety of land resource scenarios, at various scales. They are widely used as a simple basis for policy, planning, and regulatory decisions but it is not clear how accurately they reflect reality. This study provides a critique of broad-scale nutrient mass balances, with particular application to the fertiliser use of beef lot-feeding manure in Queensland.Mass balances completed at the district and farm scale were found to misrepresent actual manure management behaviour and potentially the risk of nutrient contamination of water resources. The difficulties of handling stockpile manure and concerns about soil compaction mean that manure is spread thickly over a few paddocks at a time and not evenly across a whole farm. Consequently, higher nutrient loads were applied to a single paddock less frequently than annually. This resulted in years with excess nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium remaining in the soil profile. This conclusion was supported by evidence of significant nutrient movement in several of the soil profiles studied.Spreading manure is profitable, but maximum returns can be associated with increased risk of nutrient leaching relative to conventional inorganic fertiliser practices. Bio-economic simulations found this increased risk where manure was applied to supply crop nitrogen requirements (the practice of the case study farms, 200–5000 head lot-feeders).Thus, the use of broad-scale mass balances can be misleading because paddock management is spatially heterogeneous and this leads to increased local potential for nutrient loss. In response to the effect of spatial heterogeneity policy makers who intend to use mass balance techniques to estimate potential for nutrient contamination should apply these techniques conservatively.     

A fetal cystic neck mass associated with maternal tuberous sclerosis. Case report and literature review

Tuberous sclerosis is a single gene autosomal-dominant disorder, characterized by multiple hamartoma formation. It shows a wide variability of expression. Prenatal diagnosis by means of a DNA or biochemical marker is not yet possible. Ultrasound offers the only way to detect possible antenatal hamartoma formation, which is most commonly found in the central nervous system, the renal system, and the heart. We report a case of fetal involvement that appears unique because of the unusual location of a tumour in the neck of the fetus.     

河流水质1号模型探讨

介绍了河流水质模型70年来的发展历程和目前存在的不足之处,论述了河流水质1号模型(RwQM1)的研究成果.河流水质1号模型从活性污泥模型ASM中发展而来,并推出了建立模型的决策化方法,其对生化反应模型的完善而成为河流水质模型发展的一个标准平台.本文重点介绍了其在生化反应模型方面的进展,并和QUAL2E做了比较.     

State-By-State Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the United States 1960–2000

Time series of fossil fuel carbon emissions from 1960–2000 for each of the U.S. states and the District of Columbia are presented and discussed. Comparison of the nationally summarized results with other national datasets shows generally good agreement, usually within 2%, and gives insight into the quality of all the data series. Our extension of the state-by-state emissions estimates back to 1960 reveals patterns of change that are coherent across states and can be related to historic events such as energy crises and federal legislation. Most notable is the changing pattern of coal usage, as coal-producing states produce increasingly more energy (mostly for electricity) for other states so that per capita CO₂ emissions diverge for states that import as opposed to those that export electricity. The decline in carbon emissions from petroleum products following the 1970s is also evident. Per capita emissions range over an order of magnitude for the different states. The data suggest that differences in per capita emissions arise from differences in many technological, physical, resource, social, and economic factors. The data presented here and the few correlations briefly noted pose a challenge for trying to use per capita emissions as a measure of equity or to provide mitigation targets.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中的钒

用石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中的钒,方法检出限为2.0μg/l,测定上限为600μg/l,水样可直接进样分析,简便,快捷。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定海水中痕量铅

以过硫酸铵为氧化剂将Ｐｂ氧化成亚稳四价态，与ＫＢＨ４作用生成ＰｂＨ４，应用氢化物发生原子荧光法测定海水中痕量Ｐｂ。本法灵敏度较高，检测限为０．６３μｇ／Ｌ；其回收率在９０％～１０５％之间；变异系数为２．１％～４２％。     

四种填料充氧性能试验研究

在试验条件相同的情况下,对装有不同填料的四个反应柱进行了清水充氧性能试验及机理研究,试验采用氧总转移系数(KLa)、氧气转移率(dC/dt)、充氧能力(RO)、氧利用率(EA)、充氧动力效率(EP)五项指标进行充氧性能评价.研究认为填料能够显著提高曝气设备的充氧性能,与空白柱相比,浮石填料柱的5项评价指标均提高了31%,陶粒柱1、陶柱柱2和陶粒柱3则分别提高了7%、19%和17%,浮石填料柱的充氧性能明显优于其它填料柱.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定水与废水中硒

采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定水与废水中硒,以镍盐为基体改进剂,提高了灰化温度,消除了基体干扰。方法的最低检出浓度为1.4ppb,废水测定的变异系数为2.9％～7.5％,加标回收率为95.0％～105.4％