The Incident Command System: a literature review

Given the foundational and the fundamental role that the Incident Command System (ICS) is intended to play in on‐scene response efforts across the United States, it is important to determine what is known about the system and how this is known. Accordingly, this study addresses the following research question: ‘How has research explored the ICS?’. To probe this question, a methodological review of the scant, but widening, pool of research literature directly related to the ICS was conducted. This paper reports on the findings of the analysis related to the focus, theoretical frameworks, population and sampling, methods, results, and conclusions of the existing research literature. While undertaken using different methodological approaches, the ICS research suggests that the system may be limited in its usefulness. In addition, the paper discusses the implications of the research for the state of knowledge of the system and for the direction of future research.     

Explaining implementation behaviour of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)

This paper explains the perceived implementation behaviour of counties in the United States with respect to the National Incident Management System (NIMS). The system represents a massive and historic policy mandate designed to restructure, standardise and thereby unify the efforts of a wide variety of emergency management entities. Specifically, this study examined variables identified in the NIMS and policy literature that might influence the behavioural intentions and actual behaviour of counties. It found that three key factors limit or promote how counties intend to implement NIMS and how they actually implement the system: policy characteristics related to NIMS, implementer views and a measure of local capacity. One additional variable—inter‐organisational characteristics—was found to influence only actual behaviour. This study's findings suggest that the purpose underlying NIMS may not be fulfilled and confirm what disaster research has long suggested: the potential for standardisation in emergency management is limited.     

海上平台事故应急演练评估方法研究

针对目前我国海上平台事故应急演练缺乏有效评估体系的现状,结合海上平台事故应急演练典型示例,运用“事故应急指挥系统（ICS）”基本理念,对整个应急演练过程进行系统分析,从人员安全、资产保护、环境保护、企业声誉等4个方面搭建应急演练评估框架。采用层次分析法构建计算模型,合理设置评估指标权重,最终建立了1套具有海洋石油行业特点的应急演练评估指标体系,并选取国内1个海上平台事故应急演练进行了应用分析。研究结果表明:构建的演练评估指标体系及评估方法能较好地应用于海上平台事故应急演练过程,进而在演练评估结果的基础上,实现应急演练的持续改进。     

美国应急管理“连续性”政策分析与启示

通过对美国应急管理连续性政策发展历程、法律规定及连续性政策主要内容的分析,总结美国应急管理连续性政策对于支撑各类紧急情况下应急工作持续开展的重要作用及特点。结合美国经验及我国应急管理发展趋势,从完善我国应急管理连续性政策建设、构建国家应急管理连续性政策框架、夯实应急管理基础体系、创新我国特色应急管理连续性工作、营造全民应急连续性氛围等五个方面,提出了完善发展我国应急管理连续性工作的建议。     

应对突发事件主要特征及中国石油应急管理体系建设

应对突发事件及中国石油应急管理体系建设受到了高度重视。分析了国际社会应对突发事件的现状及我国应急管理的主要特征;概述了中国石油应急管理体系建设情况,从应急组织体系、制度体系、预案体系、保障体系以及技术支撑体系建设方面对应急管理现状进行综合分析。表明:国际社会已形成应对突发事件的体制、机制和战略对策;我国政府在生产事故、自然灾害、公共卫生、社会安全4种类型突发事件应对上已具有一定的能力;中国石油应急管理在应对各类型重大突发事件中成效明显,并形成相对完整的应急管理体系。     

论自然保护区野外作业中的不测事件与对策

作者以自己的工作经历、切身体会及悲惨遭遇,从多方面论述了自然保护区野外工作中可能发生的各种不测事件,并提出了应急对策。     

The role of risk avoidance and locus of control in workers’ near miss experiences: Implications for improving safety management systems

The process industry has made major advancements and is a leader in near-miss safety management, with several validated models and databases to track close call reports. However, organizational efforts to develop safe work procedures and rules do not guarantee that employees will behaviorally comply with them. Assuming that at some point, every safety management system will need to be examined and realigned to help prevent incidents on the job, it is important to understand how personality traits can impact workers' risk-based decisions. Such work has been done in the mining industry due to its characteristically high risks and the results can be gleaned to help the process industry realign goals and values with their workforce. In the current study, researchers cross-sectionally surveyed 1,334 miners from 20 mine sites across the United States, varying in size and commodity. The survey sought to understand how mineworkers' risk avoidance could impact their near miss incidents on the job – a common precursor to lost-time incidents. Multiple regressions showed that as a miner's level of risk avoidance increased by 1 unit in the 6-point response scale, the probability of experiencing a near miss significantly decreased by 30% when adjusting for relevant control variables. Additionally, a significant interaction between risk avoidance and locus of control suggested that the effect of risk avoidance on near misses is enhanced as a miner's locus of control increases. A one-unit increase in locus of control appends the base effect of risk avoidance on near misses with an additional 8% decrease in the probability. Findings are discussed from a near-miss safety management system perspective in terms of methods to foster both risk avoidance and locus of control in an effort to reduce the probability of near misses and lost time at the organizational level within the process industry and other high-hazard industries.     

城市水源地突发性水污染事件研究述评

日益恶化的突发性水污染事件始终是国内外大多数城市水源地安全和城市供水安全的重要威胁.从城市水源地突发性污染事件的风险源、水源地易损性、应急评估和预警技术及应急机制4个方面综述了国内外城市水源地突发性污染事件的研究进展.述评认为,应关注城市水源地的特殊易损性及突发性污染的威胁,重点研究水源地突发性污染事件的快速评估和预警技术及应急机制,全面开展城市水源地突发性污染事件的基础和实例研究.     

事故指挥系统的发展与框架分析

事故指挥系统是一种在响应过程中进行指挥、控制与协调的有效工具,它提供了一种政府和私人机构之间的协作的方式,以保护人员生命财产和环境的安全.根据不同的情况,事故指挥系统可能包括安全、信息、联络等. 已经证明, 在普通事件处理和事故的应急响应过程中ICS 使用的原则是非常有效的.本文介绍了ICS的发展历史、主要框架以及随着事故发展而进行扩展的情况.     

2000~2014年北京市SO2时空分布及一次污染过程分析

根据2000~2014年北京市SO2监测数据,系统分析了SO2时空分布特征并采用数值模式(CAMx)模拟分析了一次重污染过程中北京市SO2来源.结果表明,2014年与2000年相比北京市SO2年均浓度累计约降低69%,SO2年均浓度的变化率为-3.5μg·(m3·a)-1;北京市SO2的月均浓度呈U型分布,季节分布上整体呈现出冬季春季秋季夏季的特征,采暖季SO2浓度明显高于非采暖季;空间分布上北部及西部山区SO2浓度水平明显低于中心城区及西南、东南部地区,受减排措施影响较大的石景山、东四、通州监测点的SO2浓度降低明显;在2014年1月14~18日一次重污染过程中北京SO2存在明显的区域输送,PAST源示踪技术初步计算显示外来源对北京SO2浓度的贡献率为83%,其中北京周边高架点源电厂贡献占21%,北京4家主要燃煤电厂对全市SO2浓度贡献率约为3.5%.