Using NDVI to Assess Vegetative Land Cover Change in Central Puget Sound

We used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the rapidly growing Puget Sound region over three 5-year time blocks between 1986–1999 at three spatial scales in 42 Watershed Administrative Units (WAUs) to assess changes in the amounts and patterns of green vegetation. On average, approximately 20% of the area in each WAU experienced significant NDVI change over each 5-year time block. Cumulative NDVI change over 15 years (summing change over each 5-year time block) was an average of approximately 60% of each WAU, but was as high as 100% in some. At the regional scale, seasonal weather patterns and green-up from logging were the primary drivers of observed increases in NDVI values. At the WAU scale, anthropogenic factors were important drivers of both positive and negative NDVI change. For example, population density was highly correlated with negative NDVI change over 15 years (r = 0.66, P < 0.01), as was road density (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). At the smallest scale (within 3 case study WAUs) land use differences such as preserving versus harvesting forest lands drove vegetation change. We conclude that large areas within most watersheds are continually and heavily impacted by the high levels of human use and development over short time periods. Our results indicate that varying patterns and processes can be detected at multiple scales using changes in NDVIa values.     

Climate change and urban land systems: bridging the gaps between urbanism and land science

ABSTRACT

Land science has generated critical knowledge about how humans modify Earth’s surface and has advanced our understanding of land as a coupled human–environment system. However, to date, most work has been in frontier environments with less attention – both conceptually and empirically – on how urban land systems affect the carbon cycle. Much of what is known about urban areas and the carbon cycle is limited to aggregate levels of activities within urban areas, usually by sector, with little focus on how the spatial configuration of urban land systems affects carbon-emitting activities. Given that urban areas produce about 70% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions, it is crucial to understand the relationship between urban environments, the activities they influence, and the resulting carbon emissions. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of how urban land systems affect carbon emissions and vulnerability, and identifies research gaps and opportunities for urban land science to contribute to climate change science, particularly through land architecture. We argue that more attention to urban land science conceptualization, measurement, and analysis would contribute to both fundamental knowledge about urban systems, as well as help identify policies and strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change at the urban scale.     

经济集聚对碳排放强度的影响及传导机制

中国城市群的兴起催生经济集聚,化石能源消耗增多引发碳排放形势愈加严峻,探索经济集聚对碳排放强度的影响及传导机制至关重要。本文以2004-2016年京津冀、长江三角洲、粤港澳大湾区、成渝城市群的61个城市面板数据为研究样本,探索经济集聚与碳排放强度的关系及影响机制,创新性地使用抗日战争时期各城市是否有铁路通过、2003年各城市是否有机场、各城市历年的国家级经济技术开发区数量作为工具变量解决内生性问题,构建中介效应模型分别检验环境规制和城镇化水平对经济集聚影响碳排放强度的传导机制,并分析经济密度异质性下经济集聚对碳排放强度的不同作用路径。结果表明:①经济集聚与碳排放强度之间呈显著的负向关系,现阶段城市经济集聚水平的提高有利于降低碳排放强度;②相对于低经济密度城市,高经济密度城市经济集聚的降碳效果更为明显;③经济集聚不仅直接对碳排放强度产生影响,还通过环境规制与城镇化水平两条路径间接对碳排放强度产生作用,中介效应显著;④低经济密度城市经济集聚对碳排放强度的间接影响主要是通过城镇化水平来传导,而高经济密度城市经济集聚对碳排放强度的间接影响可以靠环境规制和城镇化水平两条路径来实现。据此本文认为,政府应推动城市群经济以促进区域融合发展,实现企业联动合作以提高经济集聚水平。针对经济密度不同的城市治理手段应有所侧重,高经济密度城市应以增强环境规制力度为主要碳减排手段,而低经济密度城市则应通过提高经济集聚水平,改善城市建设水平并最终达到碳减排的目标。     

城市生态建设中主要问题的确定及战略规划

本文从城市化进程的不同阶段入手,分析其所存在的不同生态问题,在进行生态建设规划时,应从不同的生态问题入手,抓住主要问题,进行合理的战略规划。     

农村城镇化建设中的环境问题与对策研究

农村工业化、城镇化是农村实现现代化的必然选择,但是农村工业化、城镇化进程中生态环境问题日益严重,已经成为农村社会全面进步的限制因素。本文针对农村城镇化进程中出现的环境问题提出了相关对策与建议。     

自然资源对中国城市化水平的影响研究

采用一般均衡的方法,从供给和需求的角度,得出自然资源是中国城市化快速发展硬约束的结论。在自然资源约束下,资源最优配置的结果表明:城市化水平与城市化质量之间存在替代关系。在此基础上,对均衡结果进行了比较静态分析,研究表明:经济全球化有利于增加自然资源的供给,城市化道路的偏好直接影响到城市化水平。针对中国城市化快速发展面临劳动力转移和城市化质量提升的双重压力,提出了转变经济增长方式,城市化数量和质量并重的政策建议。     

近十年中国陆地AOD时空分布及与城市化的关系研究

选取2008—2017年MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer) Aqua C006气溶胶产品数据,分析近10年中国陆地气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol optical depth,AOD)时间序列变化规律、空间格局分布特征,同时比较了"三区十群"区域内外的AOD变化差异.同时,通过DMSP/OLS(Defense Meteorological Satellite System/Operational Linescan System)夜间灯光产品与AOD关系研究分析,以反映城市化进程中人类活动对AOD时空分布的影响.结果表明:①中国陆地AOD多年平均、季节分布特征符合"胡焕庸线".在时间尺度上,2008—2017年中国陆地AOD年际变化范围是0.279～0.368,整体呈现下降趋势且变化幅度较小;在空间分布上,2008—2017年高值区为京津冀地区、华中地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区及塔里木盆地,低值区为青藏高原、云贵高原、内蒙古高原等;AOD时空分布呈较强的季节性,春季AOD最高,秋季最低.②中国区域的夜间灯光图与AOD时空分布具有较好的一致性,也符合"胡焕庸线".人口稠密、城市化较快的东部地区出现大片光带,快速发展的城市光斑覆盖明显.2008—2013年间,城市亮度范围有一定程度的扩大,说明人类经济生产活动增加明显.③2010—2013年省级行政区的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光与其AOD表现为显著正相关,二者幂函数拟合度R~2分别为0.8036、0.8263、0.7701、0.8277、0.8331.DMSP/OLS夜间灯光与AOD呈显著正相关,说明城市化发展水平对气溶胶分布的影响作用显著.     

城镇化进程中生态环境管治的国际经验与启示

城镇化发展带来的环境污染问题已成为影响我国城镇化发展质量的重要方面。在新型城镇化建设全面推进和高质量发展要求的背景下,如何解决城镇化建设过程中的城市生态环境问题,优化空间布局,促进区域可持续发展,成为亟需解决的重大问题。本文基于全球视角从总结借鉴国际上主要国家城镇化过程、模式以及在此过程中生态环境保护和改善的经验入手,从科学规划、科技发展、法律制度、公众参与等方面总结国外经验,并从构建空间治理体系、治理环境突出问题、发挥政府主导作用、加大公众参与力度等方面探索构建我国新型城镇体系下生态环境管治的策略方案。     

Trends of surface water quality of the Krishna River,India during the urbanization process

In the present study, Amaravati, the proposed city of India is considered to assess the impacts of urbanization on water quality of the Krishna River in the vicinity. Long-term surface water quality data of various parameters of Krishna River are obtained from Central Water Commission (CWC). Trends of various parameters are analyzed using a modified version of Mann-Kendall (M-K) test; bootstrapped M-K trend test with optional bias corrected pre-whitening and R programming are used affecting water quality prior to and at the commencement of urbanization. During the onset of urbanization, minimum BOD is decreased from 0.49 to 0.2 mg/L, while the maximum BOD is increased by 67.7%. Dissolved oxygen's (DO) minimum value is decreased by 29.33% while maximum DO value is decreased by 4.47% at the beginning of urbanization. During the process of urbanization, total coliform's minimum count is increased to 330 from 2 MPN/100 ml while the maximum count of total coliforms is increased to 16,000 from 2400 MPN/100 ml. Faecal coilform's minimum count is increased from 2 to 80 MPN/100 ml while maximum count is increased to 16,000 from 800 MPN/100 ml during urbanization. It is found that due to urbanization, pH, DO values exceed the allowable limit.     

城镇化与粮食生产技术效率的互动关系研究

城镇化和粮食生产在我国都占据着十分重要的地位,供给侧改革背景下如何提升粮食生产技术效率,促进城镇化和粮食生产的协调发展,具有十分重要的意义。文章以1998—2014年全国29个省(市、区)为研究对象,分别采用熵值法和DEA方法对城镇化指标体系和粮食生产技术效率指标体系进行了构建,其中,城镇化指标体系被细分为人口城镇化、土地城镇化和经济城镇化三个子系统,在此基础上采用面板协整方程、误差修正模型、脉冲响应方程和方差分解模型对城镇化和粮食生产技术效率之间的互动关系进行了分析。研究发现:(1)城镇化和粮食生产技术效率之间的长期均衡关系对短期的影响存在功能区差异。对于全国层面、粮食主产区以及粮食主销区,长期正面效应大于短期负面效应,对于粮食平衡区,长期正面效应小于短期正面效应。(2)总体来说,城镇化和粮食生产技术效率响应之间的变动为正,并逐渐趋向一个稳定的水平。(3)城镇化和粮食生产技术效率的预测方差受自身的冲击要更高,且二者对预测方差的贡献度呈现出区域差异。最后,提出要加强粮食生产的科技投入和资本投入,实施"藏粮于技"和"藏粮于地"策略,并加强对粮食生产领域的生态环境治理,提高粮食的可持续发展能力。此外,因地制宜制定合适的城镇化和粮食发展策略,适当引导和鼓励社会资本参与粮食生产项目和社会化服务建设,促进粮食产业的现代化。