山东省城市化进程大气环境问题分析

进入21世纪,山东省城市化与经济一直保持高速发展,人口急剧膨胀、能源过度消耗和经济快速发展给城市环境带来持久的压力,能源资源环境矛盾日益加剧,尤其是大气环境问题越来越成为制约经济发展的瓶颈,并且随着大气环境问题的更加复杂和不确定,改善环境质量的难度加大。以山东省为例,分析了城市化进程中的大气环境问题,突出表现为城市大气环境质量改善与社会经济发展水平不相适应,城市大气环境容量限制了经济的进一步发展等。     

西部大开发：城镇化建设与农田资源保护协调发展问题

城镇作为现代经济生活的主载体,对经济发展的作用巨大,然而城镇的建设与发展又是要占用大量农田资源。我国地少人多,土地资源稀缺,现行可耕地主要集中于中、西部地区,因此西部大开发,妥善处理城镇化建设与农田资源保护协调发展关系就显得尤为重要。本文在论述城镇化建设与农田资源保护的矛盾现状基础之上,试图提出西部地区城镇化建设中相应的农田资源保护对策。     

中国西部城市化基本特征分析——以新疆为例

本文以新疆为例,探讨了新疆城市化的基本特征和规律,总结经验教训,以朝正确认识西部地区城市化的基本特征,从而为西部大开发中城市化发展战略的制定提供有价值的借鉴和参考。     

城市化进程监控：从“人口规模论”到可持续人居环境度

本文论述了运用人居环境可持续发展来监控城市化进程的可能性,并提出了一定的方法。     

Heterogeneous effects of urbanization and environment Kuznets curve hypothesis in Africa

This work explores the heterogeneous effect of urbanization and nonrenewable energy consumption on the environment in 54 African nations. Panel data were used from 1996 to 2019. For estimation, panel quantile regression analysis, augmented mean group, panel threshold regression, and the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis were applied to check the relationship between income and carbon emissions. The study's outcome demonstrates that urbanization and nonrenewable energy consumption degrade the environment in Africa. Furthermore, an inverted U-shape relationship exists between economic growth and CO₂ emissions, confirming the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. The findings indicate that urbanization should be planned; otherwise, urbanization can cause environmental degradation. African countries must adopt green urbanization and use renewable energy and clean manufacturing technologies. The institutions are encouraged to execute the standard, regulatory environment, and policies to reduce carbon emissions. Countries throughout the African continent should actively respond to the issues by charting a separate and diverse route for urban development.     

Trends and knowledge gaps in field research investigating effects of anthropogenic noise

Anthropogenic noise is a globally widespread sensory pollutant, recognized as having potentially adverse effects on function, demography, and physiology in wild animals. Human population growth and associated changes in urbanization, transportation, and resource extraction all contribute to anthropogenic noise and are predicted to increase in the coming decades. Wildlife exposure to anthropogenic noise is expected to rise correspondingly. Data collected through field research are uniquely important in advancing understanding of the real-world repercussions of human activity on wildlife. We, therefore, performed a systematic review of literature published from 2008 to 2018 that reported on field investigations of anthropogenic noise impacts. We evaluated publication metrics (e.g., publication rates and journal type), geographical distribution of studies, study subject, and methods used. Research activity increased markedly over the assessment period. However, there was a pronounced geographical bias in research, with most being conducted in North America or Europe, and a notable focus on terrestrial environments. Fewer than one-fifth of terrestrial studies were located in rural areas likely to experience urbanization by 2030, meaning data on ecosystems most likely to be affected by future changes are not being gathered. There was also bias in the taxonomic groups investigated. Most research was conducted on birds and aquatic mammals, whereas terrestrial mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates received limited attention. Almost all terrestrial studies examined diurnal species, despite evidence that nocturnality is the prevailing animal activity pattern. Nearly half the studies investigated effects of road or urban noise; the bulk of research was restricted to functional, rather than physiological or demographic consequences. Few experimental studies addressed repercussions of long-term exposure to anthropogenic noise or long-term postexposure effects, and multiple noise types or levels were rarely compared. Tackling these knowledge gaps will be vital for successful management of the effects of increasing wildlife exposure to anthropogenic noise.     

The importance of defining focal assemblages when evaluating amphibian and reptile responses to land use

Habitat loss and degradation are primary threats to amphibians and reptiles, but the relative effects of common land uses on assemblages and the mechanisms that underlie faunal responses are poorly studied. We reviewed the effects of four prevalent types of habitat alteration (urbanization, agriculture, livestock grazing, and silviculture) on amphibian and reptile species richness and abundance by summarizing reported responses in the literature and by estimating effect sizes across studies for species richness in each land‐use type. We then used a multinomial model to classify species as natural habitat specialists, generalists, and disturbed habitat specialists and examined variation in effect sizes for each land‐use type according to habitat specialization categories. There were mixed conclusions from individual studies, some reporting negative, neutral, or positive effects of land use on species richness and total abundance. A large proportion of studies reported species‐specific effects of individual species abundance. However, in our analysis of effect sizes, we found a general trend of negative effects of land use on species richness. We also demonstrate that habitat associations of common species and species turnover can explain variation in the effect of land use on herpetofauna. Our review highlights the pervasive negative effects of common land uses on amphibians and reptiles, the importance of identifying groups vulnerable to land‐use change (e.g., forest‐associated species) in conservation studies, and the potential influence of disturbance‐associated species on whole assemblage analyses.     

上海市城市热岛景观格局演变特征研究

城市热岛空间格局特征及其内在驱动机制的研究可为缓解城市热岛效应、城市规划与产业布局提供科学依据,目前这方面研究还比较少,相关机制并没有得到完全的揭示。该研究以上海市为研究对象,采用1987、1996、2002和2010年4景Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像,对城市地表温度进行了反演与分级。借助景观格局指数,分析了上海市城市热岛景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明:随着1987-2010年上海市不断城市化,各级热岛景观类型斑块数量持续增加,高等级的城市热岛景观类型面积也持续增加,整个城市热岛景观趋于破碎化。热岛景观总体聚集度下降,连通性下降,但是低等级热岛景观向高等级热岛景观转移的面积逐渐增加,景观类型之间面积差异逐渐减小,景观均匀度和多样性增加。城市化过程中,人口数量的增加和经济的快速发展对城市热岛景观格局的形成和演变具有重要的影响。研究结果揭示了城市热岛格局随城市化进程的时空演变特征,可以为制定有效的热岛效应缓解措施提供参考依据。     

中国城市化对环境空气质量影响的演化规律研究

运用2001-2010年237个地级以上城市的面板数据,共计2353个样本,应用计量经济学分析方法,研究城市化进程中环境空气主要污染物的演化规律.在对面板数据进行平稳性检验后,运用固定效应模型和随机效应模型,将城市空气主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10的年平均浓度、综合污染指数4个空气质量指标与人均GDP、人口密度、第二产业结构、建成区面积4个反映城市社会经济发展的指标进行回归拟合,得到我国城市经济发展与环境质量变化的关系和演化规律,并提出政策建议.结果表明,2001-2010年,我国城市空气质量与经济发展之间的关系并不完全符合倒U型曲线,不同的污染物类型具有不同的演化规律.10年间,随着城市经济的发展,城市空气中SO2浓度呈现下降的趋势,并到达拐点,符合倒U型曲线;而对于NO2、PM10浓度及综合污染指数,10年间与经济发展之间呈U型关系,即现阶段呈现污染继续加重的态势.此外,城市第二产业结构比例、建成区面积与城市空气主要污染物浓度呈显著的正相关关系.     

快速城镇化地域生态承载力评价模型构建与分析

综合客观地评价城镇区域生态承载状况是中国快速城镇化进程中经济与环境协调发展的保障。传统生态承载力测度法仍偏向于将区域作为封闭系统来研究,但现实中区域生态系统是和外界相沟通的,区域对承栽力的需求可外部化。为综合测度城镇生态承栽力,以生态经济学理论为依据,结合快速城镇化地域特点,构建了快速城镇化地域生态承载力评价模型,并以义乌市为例,对2005年-2007年的生态承载力状况进行了评价与分析。评价结果表明,义乌2005年-2007年的生态承载力值均大于1,以东莞市和惠州市两个典型城镇的生态承载力值为参比值,与其相比较后说明义鸟的生态承载力状况良好;但逐渐以过高的生态成本来换取经济增长,生态承载力值逐年降低,生态承载力状况逐年变差。评价结果较准确地反映了区域的实际情况,所提出的评价方法能较准确客观地评价快速城镇化地域的生态承栽力状况。