Urbanization,unemployment rate and China' rising divorce rate

This paper analyzes the impacts of urbanization and unemployment rate on China's divorce rate with the panel data of 31Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2011.The study manifests as follows.First,the significant influence of urbanization cannot be observed on the rising breakdown since the latter is not the inevitable result of the former.In the second place,unemployment rate has a significant negative influence on divorce rate,namely,with the former increasing,the latter will decrease,which echoes the perspective of divorce cost.And finally,this paper also finds positive effects of per capita fixed investment,old-age dependency rate,average household size,the proportion of floating population and population density,and negative correlation of average education attainment on divorce rate.     

Distributed Hydrologic Modeling in the Suburban Landscape: Assessing Parameter Transferability from Gauged Reference Catchments1

Mittman, Tamara, Lawrence E. Band, Taehee Hwang, and Monica Lipscomb Smith, 2012. Distributed Hydrologic Modeling in the Suburban Landscape: Assessing Parameter Transferability from Gauged Reference Catchments. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 546-557. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00636.x Abstract: Distributed, process-based models of catchment hydrologic response are potentially useful tools for the assessment of Low Impact Development (LID) techniques in urbanized catchments. Their application is often limited, however, by the lack of continuous streamflow records to calibrate poorly constrained parameters. This article examines the transferability of soil and groundwater parameters from a forested reference catchment to a nearby suburban catchment. We use the Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys) to develop hydrologic models of one gauged forested and one ungauged suburban catchment within the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) study area. We use a parameter uncertainty framework to calibrate soil and groundwater parameters for the forested catchment, and discrete measurements of streamflow from the suburban catchment to assess parameter transferability. Results indicate that the transfer of soil and groundwater parameters from forested reference to nearby suburban catchments is viable, with performance measures for the suburban catchment often exceeding those for the forested catchment. We propose that the simplification of hydrologic processes in urbanized catchments may account for the increase in model performance in the suburban catchment.     

城市化背景下我国环境侵权救济制度的完善

21世纪是世界城市化高度发展的世纪,更是中国加速城市化进程的世纪。城市是发展现代化不可或缺的重要指标,由城市化高速发展而引发的城市特有的环境侵权正日益突显并极可能在不久的将来集中爆发,法律作为最为有效的制度手段,应该也必须为解决这一问题作出积极的回应。通过分析城市化所引发的环境侵权以及考察城市环境侵权救济的现状,对这一现状的形成原因进行探讨,并对城市化背景下如何完善我国环境侵权救济制度提出可行性建议。     

Stormwater Runoff Quality and Quantity From Traditional and Low Impact Development Watersheds1

Abstract: The quality and quantity of residential stormwater runoff from a control, traditional, and low impact development (LID) watershed were compared in a paired watershed study. A traditional neighborhood was built using typical subdivision standards while a LID design was constructed with best management practices including grass swales, cluster housing, shared driveways, rain gardens, and a narrower pervious concrete‐paver road. Weekly, flow‐weighted, composite samples of stormwater were analyzed for nitrate + nitrite‐nitrogen (NO₃ + NO₂‐N), ammonia‐nitrogen (NH₃‐N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS). Monthly composite samples were analyzed for total copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Mean weekly storm flow increased (600x) from the traditional watershed in the postconstruction period. Increased exports of TKN, NO₃ + NO₂‐N, NH₃‐N, TP, Cu, Zn, and TSS in runoff were associated with the increased storm flow. Postconstruction storm flow in the LID watershed was reduced by 42% while peak discharge did not change from preconstruction conditions. Exports were reduced from the LID watershed for NH₃‐N, TKN, Pb, and Zn, while TSS and TP exports increased.     

快速城市化对区域生态环境影响的时空过程及评价

综合景观生态学与地统计学方法,尝试构建基于"遥感(RS)数据分类→土地利用变化制图→景观格局分析→GIS地统计分析"的区域环境影响评价方法,定量研究了区域环境变化的时空变化特征.案例研究采用2000、2004和2006年遥感数据,监测快速城市化背景下连云港港湾地区城市用地扩张特征、盐田湿地损失、填海造地(港口扩建等)以及耕地退化等关键的区域环境变化,分析评价了区域景观格局特征和生态环境效应,进而评价了快速城市化背景下区域环境影响强度的时空分异.在城市规划和区域发展战略驱动下,整个区域环境影响强度分布及变化规律与城市扩张强度与方向基本一致,高环境影响强度区是受人类干扰最大、生态系统最脆弱以及环境被破坏程度最深的部分,也是当前和未来进行环境调控重点地区.     

我国新时代城镇化进程中环境“邻避”问题形势特征及应对对策——以南方某省为例

进入新时代，具有“邻避”效应的重大项目和基础设施建设仍然是我国城镇化发展的“刚需”和重要支撑，环境“邻避”问题必将是当前及今后一定时期内城镇化进程中面临的常态。本文选取南方某省作为典型对象进行深入研究，结果表明，环境“邻避”问题总体风险形势平稳可控，防控重点领域仍以传统领域为主，公众诉求反应和抗争表达方式由激烈转变为相对理性，城市规划与建设的矛盾风险问题增多，风险传播快传导性强。本文系统总结出明确组织领导统筹机制、强化联动发挥协作效能、建设项目高标准实施、惠民措施灵活有效、社会力量聚合治理等地方实践经验。建议重点着力防范化解好传统领域风险，常态化推动机制发挥作用，充分发挥共建共治共享作用，以环境社会治理共享发展成果，提升环境“邻避”问题系统应对能力。     

政府推动型城镇化对企业污染排放的影响研究

现阶段，资源过度消耗与环境恶化成为中国经济与社会可持续发展的障碍。虽然现有研究从多方面探究了环境污染的治理机制，但对政府推动型城镇化这一重要的宏观政策的关注不足。本文以中国工业企业为研究样本，利用撤县设区改革的准自然实验构建双重差分模型，考察政府推动型城镇化对企业污染排放的影响。实证结果显示，撤县设区改革显著地减少了原县辖区内企业的污染排放量，即政府推动型城镇化对企业污染排放具有“治理效应”。异质性分析发现，撤县设区改革对企业污染排放的“治理效应”来源于主动推动型撤县设区而非被动实施型撤县设区；相比于在非重污染行业的企业以及隶属于县级以上的企业中，撤县设区改革对企业污染排放的“治理效应”在重污染行业的企业以及隶属于县级以下的企业中更强。影响机制分析发现，撤县设区改革后，原县级政府的财政收入显著下降、基础建设性财政支出显著减少而民生性财政支出显著增加，说明撤县设区后，原县级政府财政收入的经济激励弱化，财政支出目标亦从基础设施建设转变为提供公共服务，从而有助于治理企业污染排放问题。     

长三角地区城市化对典型生态系统服务供需的影响

长三角地区快速城市化进程影响了生态系统服务供需的平衡关系,为实现长三角一体化高质量发展需要探究城市化对生态系统服务供需的影响。基于生态模型、Pearson相关性、随机森林、局部空间自相关等方法分析城市化和生态系统服务供需间的影响关系、敏感性与空间交互关系,提出生态管理措施。研究发现：2000—2018年间,长三角地区城市化综合水平上涨133.33%;各典型生态系统服务供需比均为正但均呈下降趋势,平均下降幅度22.39%;城市化对生态系统服务供需比具有显著的负向影响,2000—2018年间,影响强度平均上升82.34%;食物生产对人口城市化敏感性较强,碳储存和生境质量对经济城市化敏感性较强,水源涵养和PM_2.5去除则对空间城市化敏感性较强;城市化与生态系统服务供需比存在较大的空间错配性。由此建议将长三角地区划分为生态利用区、生态重构区、生态源地区和生态修复区,并结合城市化和生态系统服务供需特征提出生态优化管理措施。