Assessing the health risk of heavy metals in vegetables to the general population in Beijing, China

A systematic survey of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in vegetables from 416 samples (involving 100 varieties) in Beijing was carried out for assessing the potential health risk to local inhabitants. The results indicated that the metal concentrations in vegetables ranged from < 0.001 to 0.479 g/g fresh weight (fw) (As), < 0.001 to 0.101 g/g fw (Cd), < 0.001 to 1.04 g/g fw (Cr), 0.024 to 8.25 g/g fw (Cu), 0.001 to 1.689 g/g fw (Ni), < 0.001 to 0.655 g/g fw (Pb) and 0.01 to 25.6 g/g fw (Zn), with average concentrations of 0.013, 0.010, 0.023, 0.51, 0.053, 0.046 and 2.55 g/g fw, respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni in vegetables from open-fields were all significantly higher than those grown in greenhouses. In addition, in local-produced vegetables, all HMs except Zn were significantly higher than those in provincial vegetables. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from vegetables was 0.080, 0.062, 0.142, 3.14, 0.327, 0.283 and 15.7 g/(kg body weight (bw) d) for adults, respectively. Arsenic was the major risk contributor for inhabitants since the target hazard quotient based on the weighted average concentration (THQw) of arsenic amounted to 44.3% of the total THQ (TTHQ) value according to average vegetable consumption. The TTHQ was lower than 1 for all age groups, indicating that it was still safe for the general population of Beijing to consume vegetables.     

云南省部分农村冬春季蔬菜施用农药情况调查

调查云南农民在冬春季蔬菜种植过程中的农药施用状况。随机抽取668名农户进行问卷调查,内容涉及施用农药的种类、频次、施药安全间隔期等。从调查中发现云南农村施用于蔬菜的农药种类共计40余种,以有机磷类杀虫剂为主;国家明令禁止的农药违规施用还在发生;部分农药的安全间隔期违规现象同样比较严重。并分析原因提出减少农村蔬菜生产过程中农药污染的看法。     

上海市饮用水源地周边环境中的重金属

对上海市饮用水源地周边环境介质(农田土壤、道路灰尘和蔬菜)中重金属的累积特征进行了研究,分析了重金属的空间结构特征及主要污染来源,揭示了周边环境中重金属对水环境的影响,并对重金属的生态风险状况进行了评估.研究表明:①饮用水源地周边各环境介质中重金属已出现不同程度的累积,道路灰尘重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和As的平均含量分别为0.80、0.23、148.45、127.52、380.57、63.17、250.38和10.37mg·kg-1;农田土壤含量相对较低,分别为0.16、0.33、30.14、30.66、103.79、24.04、65.75和6.31mg·kg-1;蔬菜中8种重金属的平均含量分别为0.010(Cd)、0.016(Hg)、0.36(Pb)、12.80(Cu)、61.69(Zn)、2.04(Ni)、2.41(Cr)和0.0391mg·kg-1;②通过半方差分析和多元分析,推断人类活动的输入是农田土壤重金属积累的最主要原因,而交通污染则是道路灰尘重金属的主要来源;③蔬菜对土壤重金属的富集系数表现为:Zn(0.589)>Cu(0.412)>0.102(Ni)>Cd(0.059)>Cr(0.061)>Hg(0.061)>Pb(0.012))As(0.007),蔬菜中Cd和Zn主要源于根系对土壤重金属的吸收,其它重金属元素可能主要源于气孔对大气污染物的吸收;④周边土壤是水源地沉积物的重要物源,但沉积物与周边环境介质重金属含量不存在显著性相关;⑤重金属生态风险模糊综合评估结果,农田土壤表现为无警-预警,道路灰尘为预警-轻警,蔬菜为预警-轻警,3种环境介质综合评估结果为预警-轻警.     

官厅水库周边蔬菜地表土中多环芳烃的污染

为掌握北京市备用水源地——官厅水库周边的蔬菜地表土中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况及来源,于2008年11月在延庆县小丰营蔬菜产地采集了48个表土样品(0～20cm)测定PAHs含量,并综合特征化合物比值法和因子分析/多元线性回归两种方法推断了土壤中PAHs来源.结果表明,土壤中15种PAHs单体(PAH15)的含量均服从正态分布或对数正态分布,∑15PAH几何均值为(118.71±28.63)ng.g-1(干重含量,下同),算术均值为(139.57±85.65)ng.g-1.以荷兰土壤标准衡量,71%的样点归类PAHs弱污染,与文献报道的大多数国内外农业土壤相比,尚属于较清洁的水平.成分谱分析表明,研究区域土壤中的PAHs分布谱以3环～4环化合物为主,优势化合物为PHE、FLA、FLO、PYR.校正后的FLA/(FLA+PYR),ANT/(ANT+PHE)比值表明该研究区域PAHs主要来自燃烧源.通过因子分析提取了3个主成分,分别代表①燃煤和交通燃油;②生物质燃烧和炼焦;③燃油.多元线性回归分析的结果表明,这3种来源对官厅水库周边蔬菜地表土中PAHs的贡献分别是54.0%,39.9%和6.1%.结合两种源解析方法和排放源分析,除该区域存在明显生物质燃烧源以外,其它来源的PAHs经过了一定距离的大气迁移和沉降.     

大棚蔬菜农药污染状况及防治对策

由于人们对农药使用的初浅认识,造成了农药对大棚蔬菜的污染,严重影响了人们的身体健康。针对不同种类农药对大棚蔬菜的污染程度不同进行现状分析,从而提出了防治农药污染的具体措施。     

厌氧微生物组建技术在重革废水深度处理中的实践

利用厌氧微生物组建技术对重革废水处理工艺进行了工程改造试验.探讨了组建厌氧与好氧微生物的比例、进水水质、进水浓度等因素对改造后系统脱氮、去除COD等效果的影响规律.结果发现,在好氧与厌氧微生物质量比为2∶1,进水水质C/N大于4.0时,组建厌氧微生物的新系统对氨氮和COD的去除率分别达到97.2%和92.1%以上,对氨氮和总氮的平均去除率分别提高了70.6%和46.4%,并且新系统的抗冲击性能大大增强,出水水质稳定并达到了综合废水一级排放标准.对机理进行了初步探讨.     

红外光度法测定样品中石油类和动植物油存在问题的探讨

对国标中水质石油类和动植物油类的红外分光光度法测定实际样品时存在的采样量、萃取破乳、吸附分离步骤中出现的问题进行探讨和改进方法的尝试实验,并对国内外分析土壤、污水处理厂污泥、油田含油污泥样品中石油类的测定方法做了概括归纳及初步探讨。     

影响动植物油测定因素的分析

随着经济的发展,生活水平的提高,动植物油的使用量日益增加。水体中动植物油的污染也日益加剧,准确测定水体中动植物油的含量显得十分重要。实验中用食用植物油配制标准样品按照红外分光光度法(GB/16488-1996)进行测定。在测定过程中从比色皿、硅酸镁、pH、分样、材质等几个角度进行讨论,以期改进测定过程,获得更加准确的测定结果。     

接种AM真菌对胡萝卜生长和辛硫磷残留的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了接种AM(arbuscular mycorrhiza)真菌对灭菌土壤中胡萝卜生长及其辛硫磷残留的影响.试验设置不施加、低(200 mg.L-1)、中(400 mg.L-1)、高(800 mg.L-1)等4个辛硫磷施用量水平,以及Glomus intraradices BEG 141(141)和Glomus mosseae BEG 167(167)和不接AM真菌的对照(CK)等3个接种处理.播种5个月后收获植株.辛硫磷在收获前14 d以灌根的方式施加.结果表明,尽管菌根侵染率在高辛硫磷施用量时有所降低,但均超过70%.辛硫磷施用量高低对于胡萝卜产量和地上部鲜重没有显著影响;在所有辛硫磷水平下,接种AM真菌均显著增加了胡萝卜产量和地上部鲜重.胡萝卜中辛硫磷残留随农药施用量增加而升高,接种AM真菌显著降低了胡萝卜根和地上部辛硫磷残留.无论在促生效应还是在降低辛硫磷残留方面,141菌剂要优于167菌剂.研究结果显示了AM真菌用于胡萝卜生产和降低农药残留的潜力.     

Predicting As, Cd and Pb uptake by rice and vegetables using field data from China

Plant uptake factor (PUF), single-variable regression of natural log-transformed concentrations in rice grain/vegetables versus natural log-transformed concentrations in soil and multiple-variable regression with soil concentrations and pH, was derived, validated and compared based on the paired crop and soil data collected from studies regarding As, Cd and Pb contaminated croplands in China. Results showed that the median value of PUF did not present deterministic prediction. But after natural logarithm transformation, the PUF followed Gaussian distribution which could be useful in risk assessment. The single-variable regression models were significant for As, Cd and Pb uptake both by rice and vegetables; however, the standard errors of all the regressions were comparatively large. Soil pH as a variable was generally significant but it only contributed positively to model fit for Cd uptake. After model comparison and selection, the upper 95% prediction limits of the multiple regression model for Cd uptake by rice was recommended to calculate screening value of Cd for paddy soil based on the limit for Cd concentration in rice grain.