吸附-电氧化法降解气态乙二醇乙醚乙酸酯(EGEA)的研究

采用吸附-电氧化两步联动降解VOCs,结果表明,相同电压下以铁作为阳极时的CODCr脱除率达到80%以上,比用不锈钢阳极时高40%左右.电解质溶液的pH值和CODCr值随时间有规律地变化,也验证了反应器中所发生的反应.     

我国部分商品瓶装饮用水中挥发性有机物的研究

应用Tekmar3000吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱组合分析仪,参照USEPA的标准分析方法,对我国某些商品瓶装饮用水中挥发性有机物进行了定量分析,结果表明,其含量一般在1～8μg/L,其中普遍含有具三致潜力的卤代烃与苯系物。虽然这些毒理性指标均可达到我国瓶装饮用纯净水卫生标准,但与国外优质瓶装饮用水相比,存在明显的差距。瓶装饮用水中挥发性有机物主要与深度处理技术和组合工艺有关,可通过改进这些技术而得以有效控制。      

小东江底泥中挥发酚的垂向分布研究

将沿小东江流域布点采集到的底泥样,根据其理化性质,从上到下分为A(0～10cm)、B(10～20cm)、C(20～35cm)、D(35～65cm)层,分析发现:挥发酚含量B>A>C>D层;A～D层挥发酚含量最高点分别对应的是细砂土、面砂土、砂粘土和面砂土.      

ENHANCEMENTS OF NONPOINT SOURCE MONITORING OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN GROUND WATER1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled a national retrospective data set of analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water of the United States. The data are from Federal, State, and local nonpoint‐source monitoring programs, collected between 1985–95. This data set is being used to augment data collected by the USGS National Water‐Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to ascertain the occurrence of VOCs in ground water nationwide. Eleven attributes of the retrospective data set were evaluated to determine the suitability of the data to augment NAWQA data in answering occurrence questions of varying complexity. These 11 attributes are the VOC analyte list and the associated reporting levels for each VOC, well type, well‐casing material, type of openings in the interval (screened interval or open hole), well depth, depth to the top and bottom of the open interval(s), depth to water level in the well, aquifer type (confined or unconfined), and aquifer lithology. VOCs frequently analyzed included solvents, industrial reagents, and refrigerants, but other VOCs of current interest were not frequently analyzed. About 70 percent of the sampled wells have the type of well documented in the data set, and about 74 percent have well depth documented. However, the data set generally lacks documentation of other characteristics, such as well‐casing material, information about the screened or open interval(s), depth to water level in the well, and aquifer type and lithology. For example, only about 20 percent of the wells include information on depth to water level in the well and only about 14 percent of the wells include information about aquifer type. The three most important enhancements to VOC data collected in nonpoint‐source monitoring programs for use in a national assessment of VOC occurrence in ground water would be an expanded VOC analyte list, recording the reporting level for each analyte for every analysis, and recording key ancillary information about each well. These enhancements would greatly increase the usefulness of VOC data in addressing complex occurrence questions, such as those that seek to explain the reasons for VOC occurrence and nonoccurrence in ground water of the United States.     

Abundance and diversity of the phyllosphere bacterial communities of Mediterranean perennial plants that differ in leaf chemistry

Summary.  We studied the epiphytic bacterial communities of the summer leaves of eight perennial species naturally occurring in a Mediterranean ecosystem. The species differ in essential-oil content (from rich in essential oil to non-producers) and composition, and also in life form (from herbaceous species to tall shrubs). We compared the epiphytic bacterial communities on the basis of (i) their abundance, (ii) their metabolic profile (derived by use of the BIOLOG Ecoplate system) and (iii) richness and diversity of substrates that they use, as a measure of functional diversity. Among all species, the aromatic Melissa officinalis was the most abundantly colonized. The bacterial communities on the leaves of the aromatic Myrtus communis, Calamintha nepeta and Melissa officinalis, and also of Cistus incanus catabolized all 31 substrates offered; those on the evergreen-sclerophyllous species, Arbutus unedo and Quercus coccifera, catabolized only 14 and 17 substrates, respectively. Carbohydrates were consistently used abundantly by all communities, whereas carboxylic acids were most variably used. On average, the group of aromatic plants scored higher regarding bacterial abundance, and richness and diversity of substrates used by the bacterial communities on their leaves; the lowest values for both substrate-use indices were recorded in A. unedo. Bacterial abundance or richness or diversity of substrates used did not vary with leaf oil content. Abundance was positively correlated with both substrate-use indices. Results support claims that the antimicrobial effects of essential oils are not exerted so much under natural conditions as reports based on biassays with pathogens usually show. Although essential oils play a part in the microbial colonization of the phyllosphere, it is not likely that inhibition of phyllosphere bacteria is essential oils’ primary role, at least in the Mediterranean environment.     

2020年成都市典型臭氧污染过程特征及敏感性

2020年4月24日至5月6日成都市臭氧(O3)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)复合污染过程期间,在成都市城区开展大气臭氧及其前体物(NO,、VOCs)和气象参数观测实验,基于观测数据采用OBM模型对市区臭氧敏感性和主控因子进行识别,并采用PMF模型对关键VOCs物种进行来源解析.结果表明,臭氧超标日各污染物浓度均有所上升,VOCs物种中芳香烃和含氧(氮)化合物上升幅度较大;成都市城区O3超标天对应的臭氧处于显著VOCs控制区,芳香烃和烯烃对O3生成最为敏感,且存在削减NOx的不利效应;结合VOCs来源解析,城区VOCs主要来源:移动源(22.4％)、餐饮及生物质燃烧源(21.8％)、工业源(15.1％)和溶剂使用源(9.3％),臭氧超标天溶剂使用源、餐饮及生物质类燃烧源贡献率明显上升.成都市城区春季应以VOCs减排为重点,并加大芳香烃和烯烃相关源控制力度.     

珠江三角洲典型生态系统有机含硫气体地气交换通量比较

选取珠江三角洲森林、稻田和城市草地和菜地为研究对象,运用静态箱法,测量土壤COS、DMS、CS2和DMDS通量,并分析了环境因子对含硫气体交换速率的影响。结果表明,稻田和菜地交换速率最大,城市草地次之,森林土壤交换速率最小。森林土壤吸收COS,释放DMS,有凋落物土壤气体交换速率高于无凋落物土壤,CS2和DMDS源与汇存在很大不确定性。森林COS通量受温度、土壤含水量、土壤肥力、土壤微生物和土壤呼吸的共同影响;有水稻稻田吸收COS,无水稻稻田释放COS,有水稻稻田DMS释放速率显著高于无水稻稻田。干旱稻田土壤吸收COS,水淹土壤释放COS,但DMS、CS2和DMDS释放速率两者间无显著影响;城市草地吸收COS释放DMS,CS2和DMDS存在不确定性,有草土壤COS和DMS交换速率高于无草土壤,割草前后气体释放速率无显著变化;菜地释放VOSCs,其中DMDS占75%。     

滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中挥发性有机物的分布特征与健康风险

为研究滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中VOCs(volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机物)的污染现状,于2014年9月在滹沱河冲洪积扇地区采集44个地下水样品,采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法分析了25种VOCs的质量浓度,并对其分布特征和健康风险进行了讨论. 结果表明,研究区44个采样点均有VOCs检出,其中氯仿、二氯甲烷检出率为100%. 检出的VOCs中,ρ(氯仿)平均值最高,范围为15.4~52 195.9 ng/L;其次为ρ(四氯化碳)(nd~17 145.8 ng/L). VOCs的分布与工业布局密切相关,受制药企业排污影响,ρ(氯仿)、ρ(苯乙烯)、ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)、ρ(二甲苯)等均在G2-1采样点最高;而在石家庄石化炼制产业密集区域,地下水中检出的VOCs种类、检出频次及含量均较高. 研究显示,研究区地下水VOCs的非致癌风险指数介于1.8×10-5~4.7×10-2之间,均远小于1;G2-22采样点地下水VOCs的致癌风险指数最高,为1.1×10-5,处于可接受水平,但四氯化碳的污染现状值得关注.      

零价铁对污泥高温厌氧消化过程中四环素抗性基因及第一类整合子的消减影响

为研究污泥高温厌氧消化过程中零价铁(Fe0)对抗生素抗性基因的消减影响,采用荧光定量PCR方法定量检测了7种四环素抗性基因(TC-ARGs,包括tetA、tetC、tetG、tetM、tetO、tetW和tetX)及第一类整合子int I1基因在厌氧消化过程中的丰度变化,同时检测分析了挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的质量浓度变化,并探讨了目标基因与VFAs之间的相关关系.结果表明,适量Fe0(如0.10 g·g~(-1),以Fe0/VSS计)不仅可以强化污泥厌氧消化进程,显著提高总VFAs和乙酸的产生量,而且能够增强TCARGs和int I1基因的消减效果.尽管如此,过量Fe0(如1.17 g·g~(-1),以Fe0/VSS计)对污泥高温厌氧消化过程中TC-ARGs和int I1基因消减的增强效果并不显著,推测可能是由于基因水平转移的发生所导致的.通过相关性分析可知,TC-ARGs(除tetO基因外)和int I1基因与乙酸之间存在显著负相关性,表明乙酸可能对TC-ARGs和int I1基因的消减具有促进作用.     

结合外场观测分析珠三角二次有机气溶胶的数值模拟

结合2008年11月18~25日期间珠三角地区的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)外场观测数据,验证区域空气质量模式WRF/Chem(weather research and forecasting model with chemistry)中两种SOA化学机制——VBS(volatile basis set)和SORGAM(secondary organic aerosol model)对珠三角SOA的模拟效果.VBS机制考虑了更为广泛的SOA前体物和化学老化过程,SOA模拟值更接近观测值,能合理反映SOA观测值的逐天变化趋势,与观测值的平均绝对偏差和相关性分别是-4.88μg·m-3和0.91,而SORGAM机制的分别为-5.32μg·m-3和0.18.利用VBS机制模拟区域内SOA的时空分布,结果显示SOA浓度具有显著的昼夜变化特征,浓度峰值出现在中午时段.受到输送和臭氧区域分布的影响,各城市SOA浓度差异显著,下风向的城市(如中山、珠海、江门)SOA浓度较高.