城市大气中挥发性有机化合物监测技术进展

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧及二次有机颗粒物(SOA)的主要前体物。近年来,我国逐步将VOCs纳入大气污染物控制体系。准确可靠的监测技术是大气VOCs研究及控制的重要前提保障。按照采样方法、分析方法 2个方面介绍并讨论了城市大气中VOCs的现有监测方法,较为详细地介绍了几类广泛采用的离线及在线监测技术,简要讨论了目前VOCs监测中存在的一些问题,展望了今后的发展趋势。     

油漆挥发分爆炸特性及浓度检测装置设计研究

为了实现对喷涂车间内挥发分浓度的检测,进行20 L球形爆炸特性测试实验,分析了油漆挥发分主成分及爆炸特性,根据油漆挥发分受热易挥发遇冷易凝结的物理特性、采样器采样原理、滤膜增重法测量原理以及基于单机片C++软件程序编写的电路智能控制技术,设计1种喷涂车间挥发分浓度检测装置。研究结果表明:油漆挥发分主成分具有爆炸性,且随着油漆颗粒物浓度增大,爆炸压力也增加。设计的装置对挥发分的采集率都在90%以上,总采集率为93.1%~98.9%,装置能够较为准确地检测挥发分浓度。     

石化行业的VOCs排放控制管理

概述了我国挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的排放情况。介绍了国内外VOCs的管理现状。分析了国内石化行业VOCs排放控制管理中存在的主要问题以及污染物排放过程的类别。提出了明确定义、制定相关标准、完善分类管理体系、研究最佳的可行性控制技术等加强VOCs排放控制管理的对策和建议。     

干式厌氧消化过程挥发酸对硫酸盐还原菌的影响

在牛粪干式厌氧消化过程中,通过添加不同挥发酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸),考察消化稳定阶段,挥发性脂肪酸的分布特征,挥发性脂肪酸酸组成变化对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的影响,微生物种群组成和种群间关系。实验结果表明,挥发性脂肪酸对SRB还原速率的贡献依次为:丙酸丁酸乙酸。相比乙酸和丁酸,添加一定量的丙酸,更有利于激活SRB的活性,从而加强SRB与产甲烷菌(MB)的种间协同,保证厌氧系统的稳定运行。     

Determination and potential importance of diterpene (kaur-16-ene) emitted from dominant coniferous trees in Japan

Reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known to affect atmospheric chemistry. Biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) have a significant impact on regional air quality due to their large emission rates and high reactivities. Diterpenes (most particularly, kaur-16-ene) were detected in all of the 205 enclosure air samples collected over multiple seasons at two different sites from Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa trees, the dominant coniferous trees in Japan,. The emission rate of kaur-16-ene, was determined to be from 0.01 to 7.1 μg dwg⁻¹ h⁻¹ (average: 0.61 μg dwg⁻¹ h⁻¹) employing branch enclosure measurements using adsorbent sampling followed by solid phase-liquid extraction techniques. The emission rate was comparable to that of monoterpenes, which is known major BVOC emissions, collected from the same branches. In addition, total emission of kaur-16-ene at 30 °C was estimated to exceed that of total anthropogenic VOC emissions.     

椰壳活性炭吸附消除VOCs

对一种椰壳活性炭对甲基丙烯酸甲酯的吸附消除行为进行了研究,重点考察了甲基丙烯酸甲酯的浓度、流速和吸附温度等条件以及水汽存在时对活性炭吸附行为的影响。结果表明,该颗粒活性炭对甲基丙烯酸甲酯有良好的吸附效果,甲基丙烯酸甲酯进口浓度和进气量的改变均会影响吸附饱和时间,导致其增加或减少。通过变温吸附实验确定降低环境温度对其吸附有促进作用。湿度为50%时吸附量相对干气饱和吸附量影响较小,说明该活性炭抗水汽能力较好。经多次重复再生实验,其饱和吸附量未见明显下降。     

活性炭吸附和脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气的研究

根据滑动弧放电等离子体适于降解高浓度有机物废气的特性,结合活性炭吸附法,提出了吸附器的吸附浓缩和热脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气的方法。在活性炭吸附过程中,最初2 h内甲苯净化率达到100%,随着时间的增加净化率下降;在热脱附滑动弧放电等离子体净化过程中,甲苯降解效率最高为97.3%。将滑动弧放电等离子体反应器出口气相产物收集进行FT-IR检测,发现放电后有CO2、CO、H2O和NO2产生,并分析了甲苯的降解机理。     

碱预处理污泥产酸效果及其生物群落研究

为了提高污泥水解酸化过程中的挥发酸产量,获取污水脱氮除磷所需的内碳源,以深圳市罗芳污水厂的二沉池污泥为研究对象,采用不同的碱量对其进行预处理。通过测定碱预处理污泥水解酸化过程中的挥发酸浓度,并采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction denature gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术对参与碱预处理污泥水解酸化产酸过程的主要微生物种群进行分析,结果表明,当碱投加量为0.20 g NaOH/g VSS时,初始溶出的蛋白浓度为1 780 mg/L;水解酸化15 d时,挥发酸总量达到3 473 mg/L;参与产酸的主要细菌属于Firmicutes、Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes三个门类。     

Assessing inter-laboratory comparability and limits of determination for the analysis of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in whole Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) are high volume production chemicals used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products. Three cVMS compounds (D4, D5, and D6) have and are undergoing environmental risk evaluations in several countries and have been proposed for legal regulation in Canada. As interest in monitoring concentrations of these chemicals in the environment increase, there is a need to evaluate the analytical procedures for cVMS in biological matrices in order to assess the quality of data produced. The purpose of this study was to determine laboratory testing performance for measuring residues of D4, D5, and D6 in a standard set of fish homogenate samples and to estimate limits of determination for each substance. The samples sent to each laboratory consisted of homogenized whole body tissues of hatchery raised rainbow trout which were fed food fortified with D4, D5, and D6 (dosed) and trout that were fed standard food rations (control). The participants analyzed each sample using their analytical method of choice using their own standards and procedures for quantification and quality control. With a few exceptions, participating laboratories generated comparable results for D4, D5, and D6 in both the dosed and control samples having z-scores between 2 and −2. Method detection limits for the whole fish matrix were on average 2.4 ng g⁻¹ ww for D4, 2.3 ng g⁻¹ ww for D5, and 1.8 ng g⁻¹ ww for D6.     

基于活性污泥的厨余垃圾厌氧发酵产酸研究

以厨余垃圾和活性污泥为原料,考察了不同接种比例对厌氧发酵产物的挥发性脂肪酸产量、pH值和COD去除率的影响.结果表明,当厨余垃圾和活性污泥接种比例为4∶1时,挥发性脂肪酸产量在第3天达到最大值为42.7 g/L,产率提高了40%,COD去除率达到了35.6%,pH值没有发生较大的差异,其变化幅度在4～6之间.