Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

中国建筑涂料使用VOCs排放因子及排放清单的建立

VOCs是国家重要空气污染物,其排放控制是大气污染防治的重要内容,建筑涂料是我国大气VOCs的重要来源.由于经济的发展及城镇化水平提高,住宅及其他房屋建筑施工面积居高不下,对建筑涂料的需求不断增加,建筑涂料VOCs污染受到越来越多的关注,但有关建筑涂料VOCs排放因子及量化其排放量的研究相对较少.本文建立一套自下而上的建筑涂料VOCs排放清单估算方法,通过实测建筑涂料中VOCs及总结梳理国内有关建筑涂料VOCs含量的相关研究,获取了各类型建筑涂料VOCs排放因子,结合建筑涂料使用量,编制了我国2013～2016年建筑涂料VOCs排放清单.结果表明:①水性内墙涂料VOCs排放因子为24. 63 g·kg~(-1),水性和溶剂型外墙涂料分别为17. 5 g·kg~(-1)和298. 8 g·kg~(-1),水性、反应固化型和溶剂型防水涂料分别为2. 75、87. 86和400 g·kg~(-1),水性、无溶剂型与溶剂型地坪涂料分别为86. 2、25. 24和317 g·kg~(-1),水性和溶剂型防腐涂料分别为31. 95 g·kg~(-1)和464. 61 g·kg~(-1),水性与溶剂型防火涂料分别为59. 7 g·kg~(-1)和347. 2 g·kg~(-1).②2013～2016我国建筑涂料使用VOCs排放量分别为25. 59万t、28. 75万t、31. 97万t和34. 8万t,呈增长趋势.③2016年建筑涂料使用排放VOCs 34. 8万t中,地坪涂料贡献率最大,排放量为7. 87万t,占22. 61%,其次是外墙涂料排放量为6. 49万t,占18. 65%,防火和防腐涂料作为功能性涂料,排放量分别为6. 45万t和5. 08万t,分别占18. 53%与14. 6%,防水涂料和内墙涂料排放量分别为4. 61万t和4. 3万t,分别占13. 25%和12. 36%.④2016年水性建筑涂料使用量为488. 94万t,VOCs排放量为9. 79万t,VOCs平均排放因子为20. 02 g·kg~(-1),溶剂型建筑涂料使用量为63. 65万t,VOCs排放量为22. 72万t,VOCs平均排放因子为356. 95 g·kg~(-1),减少溶剂型涂料的使用有利于消减VOCs排放,建筑涂料进一步水性化是降低VOCs排放的趋势.⑤在空间分布上,建筑涂料使用VOCs排放主要集中在山东、江苏、浙江、河南、四川、广东以及河北等人口数量多的省份,山东省排放量最大,约占9. 36%,江苏省次之,约占8. 54%.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱联用同时测定水中致嗅挥发性有机硫化物

建立了一种利用吹扫捕集(PT)-气相色谱(GC)/火焰光度检测器(FPD)同时测定水中16种致嗅类有机硫化物的分析方法。研究并优化了捕集阱类型、吹扫温度、吹扫时间,解吸温度以及解吸时间对PT的影响。实验表明:大部分硫醚类和硫醇类化合物分别在1~100 ng/L和3~300 ng/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数大于0.99;相对标准偏差小于9.47%(n=6);加标回收率为81.68%~115.18%。定量下限(10倍信噪比)范围从0.19 ng/L(二乙基二硫醚)到2.67 ng/L(2-甲基-1-丙硫醇)。采用此方法对北京市3条河流水样进行了检测,除1-丙基二硫醚和2-甲基-2-丙硫醇外,其他14种有机硫化物都有检出,质量浓度为1.95~1 282.35 ng/L。     

土壤中挥发性有机物的快速测定方法

本文建立了用便携式气相色谱-质谱仪快速测定土壤中VOCs的方法。该方法能够快速对土壤样品中VOCs进行定性分析和定量测定。当采样量达到5 g时,方法检出限0.02~2.11μg/L,相对标准偏差2.0%~13.5%;加标20μg/L时,回收率63%~123%。采用该方法测定北京地区5个土壤样品,总体质量浓度为0~873μg/kg。     

南通市典型臭氧污染过程VOCs特征及来源分析

利用在线挥发性有机物自动监测仪TH300B对2020年8月12—17日南通市典型臭氧污染过程中VOCs排放进行监测。结果表明,南通市此次臭氧污染过程主要受VOCs排放影响,污染中VOCs体积浓度均值为23.44 ppb,较污染前下降了12.0%,其中芳香烃体积浓度占比下降幅度最大,较污染前下降23.4%,OVOCs体积浓度绝对值下降最大,较污染前下降1.42 ppb。污染中,VOCs总OFP贡献为162.0μg/m3,较污染前下降22.2%,OPF与臭氧的日变化呈明显的相反关系,关键活性物种为甲苯、乙烯和异戊烷等。PMF模型解析结果显示,机动车尾气、工业排放、油气挥发、涂料和溶剂使用、天然气源对VOCs的贡献占比分别为38.6%,35.4%,9.5%,8.8%和7.8%。     

碱性条件促进太湖蓝藻厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸

采用批式研究实验,考察了酸性(pH 5)、中性(pH 7)和碱性(pH 9)条件下,太湖蓝藻厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)过程中的产酸指标,酸分布及蓝藻有机成分降解的效果。结果表明,pH为9时VFAs产率最高,为0.274 g VFAs/g VS,VS降解率达到51.91%。蓝藻有机成分中蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂类降解率也在pH为9时达到最高,分别为53.2%、30%和40.6%。实验对蓝藻产酸效果与其他固废产酸效果进行了比较,比较结果说明,太湖蓝藻作为厌氧发酵原料生产挥发性脂肪酸具有可行性。     

高效木质纤维素分解复合菌系降解稻草特性的研究

以1%稻草为惟一碳源,利用间歇实验,在50℃的静置培养条件下,对特异驯化获得的一组高效木质纤维素复合菌系的生长及降解特性进行了深入的探讨。实验结果表明,复合菌系的优势菌是杆菌,其生长曲线显示典型的3阶段,即0~108 h的对数生长期、108~144 h的稳定期、144~216 h的衰亡期。当发酵结束时,稻草的降解效率达到75%,90%以上的产物是乙酸,其次是少量的乙醇、丁酸和丙酸,这种发酵类型为下游两相厌氧消化的产甲烷相的稳定、高效运行提供重要物质基础。     

中空纤维膜生物反应器处理二甲苯废气

采用中空纤维膜生物反应器(HFMB)去除气态二甲苯,研究比较了不同进口浓度、停留时间以及悬浮液中生物量对二甲苯净化效果的影响。实验结果表明:随着进口浓度的增加二甲苯净化效率先升高后平稳,生化降解能力(EC)则明显升高;随着停留时间的增加,二甲苯的净化效率明显增加。实验发现最佳的实验条件是:悬浮液循环速率50 L/h,pH值介于6.5到7.5之间,溶解氧6 mg/L左右,停留时间tR=8.8 s;二甲苯的处理效率可达到92%以上。结果还显示二甲苯净化效率随悬浮液循环流速的变化而波动不大,进口二甲苯的组成对净化效率也有一定的影响。与传统的生物法相比,膜生物反应器可以实现气相和液相的分离以及减少占地面积,具有很好的发展前景。     

Occurrence and congeners specific of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China

A total of 198 agricultural soil samples were collected from Zhangjiagang and Changshu in Southern Jiangsu for analysis of 13 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in order to assess the levels of pollution, sources, area distribution, and potential risk for the environment. All methods were rigorously tested and an adequate quality control was ensured. Only one site had no PCBs residues, and the highest total PCBs concentration in the surface soils was 32.83 ng/g. The average concentration in all the soil samples was 4.13 ng/g, signaling low-level pollution. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were dominant species in soil samples, accounting for more than 75% of ∑PCBs in the soil samples. PCB118 was the most abundant congener in all the samples. The PCB118 was about 20% of ∑PCBs. The soil organic matter content showed only a weak correlation with the levels of all PCB congeners, in which a better correlation was noted for the more volatile lighter PCB congeners than for the heavier homologues. To a certain extent, the sources and land use seemed to influence the levels of PCBs.     

滑动弧放电等离子体裂解正己烷实验研究

考察了一种新型低温等离子体发生方式滑动弧放电对正己烷的裂解效果,检测了主要裂解产物,并分析了供给电压、正己烷初始浓度、电极材料和反应器结构对裂解率的影响.结果表明,该法可以有效处理正己烷,最高裂解率达96%.在空气中的主要裂解产物为CO2、CO、NO2和H2O.增大供给电压可以提高正己烷裂解率;初始浓度增大后裂解率下降,但绝对处理量增大;相同能耗情况下,采用铁电极时能量利用率最低,正己烷裂解率低于铝电极和铜电极;电极最小间距和喷嘴直径之间的比例关系影响裂解效果,优化两者的匹配关系可以提高裂解率.