Characterization of phosphorus species and modeling for its organic forms in eutrophic shallow lake sediments,North China

Variations of phosphorus （P） and its species in surface sediment of Baiyangdian Lake, a eutrophic shallow lake located in North China, were investigated through combination of field survey and numerical calculation based on cluster analysis. P fractionation was performed by a sequential extraction scheme, categorized as loosely bound P （NH4Cl-P）, reductant soluble P （BD-P）, metallic oxide bound P （NaOH-P）, calcium bound P （HCl-P） and organic P （Org-P）. P concentrations exhibited regional similarities and a total of four sub-areas were identified in which the same rank was HCl-P 〉 Org-P 〉 BD-P ,=NaOH-P 〉NH4Cl-E NH4Cl-P, BD-P and Org-P were found to contribute to P enrichment in overlying water column. Specifically, labile Org-P acted as a potential pool with a greater contribution in aerobic layer compared to anaerobic layer. A hysteresis （lag = 4 months） existed when labile Org-P concentration was negatively correlated with aerobic layer thickness. In view of magnitude of identified P contributors in sub-areas, higher potential of P release was present in Fuhe River and Tang River estuary areas. On the basis of calibration and verification, the mathematical model with parameter settings applied in this study was improved to serve as a tool for limnology management and eutrophic control.     

土地利用变化的水土资源平衡效应研究——以西辽河流域为例

北方农牧交错带作为我国传统农区与牧区的交汇和过渡地带,是我国东、中部地区的重要生态屏障地区。选取北方农牧交错带东缘的西辽河流域为案例区,运用遥感、地理信息系统等方法,构建水分亏缺模型,定量计算了西辽河流域不同土地利用情景下的水分亏缺态势,揭示了北方农牧交错带土地利用变化的水土资源平衡效应,研究表明:①1995-2005年,西辽河流域土地利用整体特征未发生重大改变,土地利用表现为耕地面积有所增加、草地面积相对减少的局面;②西辽河流域水土资源平衡总体呈现中度水分亏缺的特征,亏水量较大的区域相对集中在西辽河冲积平原中部地区;③1995-2005年10 a间的土地利用变化使得西辽河流域严重缺水地区面积增加1/4,水分亏缺态势进一步加剧。     

干旱化与土地利用变化对中国北方草地与农牧交错带耕地自然生产潜力的综合影响评价研究

气候和土地利用变化通过不同的方式影响耕地的自然生产潜力,目前在时空尺度上定量分析典型生态边缘区气候干旱和土地利用变化对耕地自然生产潜力综合影响的研究还比较薄弱。论文首先采用桑斯维特纪念模型(Thornthwaite-Memorial Model)对北方草地与农牧交错带地区耕地自然生产潜力进行了计算。然后结合气象数据,分析了干旱化对研究区耕地自然生产潜力的影响。又在遥感数据生成的1990,1995和2000年1km土地利用/覆盖数据基础上,分析了土地利用变化对耕地自然生产潜力的影响。结果发现1970～2006年研究区总体上呈现出较强的变干趋势,但波动明显,干旱导致耕地自然生产潜力在1990～1995年和1995～2000年分别减少了约16.61×10⁶t和19.55×10⁶t。1990～1995年和1995～2000年耕地增加率分别为2.64%和2.55%,在此基础上,耕地自然生产潜力分别增加了5.36×10⁶t和4.48×10⁶t。从整个研究区尺度来看,1990～1995年和1995～2000年耕地自然生产潜力分别减少了了约11.24×10⁶t和15.08×10⁶t。从基于气象站点的泰森多边形尺度来看,研究区的西北区域,主要包括陕西、宁夏和甘肃部分地区,耕地自然生产潜力对于气候变化比较敏感,而包括河北、山西部分地区在内的研究区华北南部区域和内蒙古主要受到土地利用变化的影响。     

天天安全日 人人安全员——记辽宁省优秀班组、北方重工装卸设备分公刮装配钳工三班

当你走进北方重工集团有限公司装卸设备分公司装配车间钳工三班（以下简称钳工三班）的作业现场,展现在你面前的是明亮如镜的绿色交通道、宽敞整洁的现场、摆放整齐的产品。这里虽然没有安全标语,没有安全口号,但却是省级优秀班组。     

2008-2009年中国北方干旱遥感动态监测

干旱是威胁我国及世界农业发展的自然灾害之一,利用遥感技术进行干旱监测与评估已成为一种重要而有效的手段。2008年10月至2009年2月,我国北方地区出现了大面积的持续干旱,给冬小麦的生长造成了严重的影响。基于2000年至2009年Terra卫星MODIS传感器8天合成的地表反射率数据,结合地面实测土壤水分和实地调研数据,利用距平植被指数(AVI)和距平水分指数(AWI)对我国北方冬小麦主产区的干旱程度进行了分级,对干旱的发生、发展和时空变化情况进行了连续监测,得到了该时期的旱情分布结果:2008年10月份以后旱情逐渐加重,2009年1月下旬各地旱情达到了最严重的程度。研究表明,AWI对干旱的反应比AVI敏感而且准确。     

同在地球上,人鸟共家园

春天来了,冰雪融化,许多冬眠的动物又来到了这美丽的春天,小燕子也从南方飞到北方。一边飞一边叽叽喳喳地叫个不停,好像在说:"我们很快就回到那美丽的故乡了。那里有茂密森林,风景秀丽,空气清新;那里河水清澈、碧波粼粼;那里野草肥美,鲜花盛开……我和伙伴们生活在一个无忧无虑的家园里,各种动物和睦相处,常常在阳光明媚、春风和煦时,聚集在一起举行盛大的宴会,我们自由,我们快乐!我们为有一个舒适温暖的家园而感到自豪,感到欣     

中国北方沙区城市风沙灾害危险度评价——基于遥感、地理信息系统和模型的研究

开展风沙灾害危险度评价研究,对促进中国北方沙区城市的安全与可持续发展具有重要意义。基于灾害系统理论,构建了城市风沙灾害系统动力学模型,对中国北方沙区城市风沙灾害危险度进行了评价。结果表明：中国北方沙区风沙灾害高危城市主要分布在新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠周边和古尔班通特沙漠南缘、甘肃省以及宁-陕-蒙3省区接壤区。重度危险以上的城市共计35个,占参评城市的51％,其中,极度危险的城市有12个,由西向东依次为乌鲁木齐、和田、中卫、乌海、包头、榆林、通辽等。近邻沙源是城市风沙灾害的主要诱因,应该加以重点治理;经济发达城市应该重点保护。减轻土壤风蚀的城市周边沙化土地利用格局优化的方法与技术应是防治城市风沙灾害的研究重点。     

Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China

Soil is an important environmental medium that is closely associated with humans and their health. Despite this, very few studies have measured toxicants in soils, and associated them with health risks in humans. An assessment of health effects from exposure to contaminants in soils surrounding industrial areas of chemical production and storage is important. This article aims at determining pollution characteristics of persistent toxic substances (PTS) in an industrial area in China to unravel the relationship between soil pollution by PTS and human health. One hundred and five soil samples were collected and 742 questionnaires were handed out to residents living in and around an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in Northern China. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in soil. Mann-Whitney U and binary multivariate nonconditional logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between health indicators of local residents and contaminant levels. Odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for health incidences were also calculated. The average concentrations of DDT (73.9 ng/g), HCH (654 ng/g) and PAHs (1225 ng/g) were relatively high in the industrial area. Residents living in the chemical industry parks were exposed to a higher levels of PTS than those living outside the chemical industry parks. This exposure was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.12–30.06), stomach cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.26– 13.41), dermatitis (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05–2.80), gastroenteritis (OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.94–2.68), and pneumonia (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.58–1.89).     

中国北方土壤硝态氮的累积及其对环境的影响

运用统计资料和调查研究资料，揭示中国氮肥用量在地区之间和作物之间分配的不平衡现象，经济发达的东南部地区和城郊地区氮肥施用量远高于西北部地区，经济作物远高于粮食作物，氮肥短缺和过量施用并存。中国北方某些地区土壤剖面硝态氯的大量累积对水体环境构成了某种程度的威胁。由于大田作物获得较高产量的“平均适宜施氮量(N150—180kg／hm^2)”与氮素环境安全指标尚有一定距离，中国完全可以实现水体环境安全和农业高产优质的双重目标。氮肥对水体环境的影响主要是由不合理大量施用氮肥造成的。因此，中国应制定施肥技术标准和法规，鼓励农民降低氮肥用量。     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.