河道生态护坡对地表径流的污染控制

在上海市进木港生态河道示范区,通过现场模拟径流试验,研究了柴笼、灌丛垫、植草3种不同类型的生态护坡对地表径流的延滞作用和污染控制作用.结果表明,生态护坡在控制地表径流污染方面具有良好的生态效益,柴笼对地表径流的平均延滞时间为28.00～33.33min,可拦截80.95%粒径为30.07～111.05μm的悬浮固体,可截留92.58%～97.15%的水溶态营养盐和75.75%～91.24%的泥沙结合态营养盐.灌丛垫使地表径流进入河道的时间比对照裸坡滞后9.70～15.33min,可有效截留88.53%～92.94%的水溶态营养盐;但其对悬浮颗粒的拦截能力比柴笼和植草护坡弱.植草护坡延滞地表径流的能力不及柴笼和灌丛垫,但其对地表径流中较小粒径的悬浮固体(14.89～52.63μm)和泥沙结合态营养盐的拦截率分别达到85.93%和80.53%～85.33%.研究还探讨了生态护坡对地表径流污染的控制与植被覆盖度、土壤含水率以及土壤抗剪强度等指标的关系,并提出了控制地表径流污染的生态护坡优化组合方案.     

气温遥感估算方法研究综述

气温作为重要的气候资源之一,在植被长势、农业灾害和气候变化研究中发挥着举足轻重的作用。目前大尺度农业、气候模型都需要空间分布的气温作为输入参数。除了用有限的台站数据空间插值获取气温栅格化数据外,遥感技术更为连贯精细的气温空间观测提供了有力的数据支持。为服务区域尺度气温相关的科研及业务工作,论文首先介绍了目前国内外气温遥感估算的主要方法,包括简单统计法、高级统计法、温度-植被指数分析法（TVX法）、地表能量平衡法及大气温度廓线外推法。再根据实际应用需要,重点总结比较了最高、最低和平均气温及不同时空尺度气温的遥感估算特点。最后讨论了气温遥感估算在实际应用中存在的问题并探讨了未来的研究趋势。     

Pollutant loads of surface runo inWuhan City Zoo, an urban tourist area

The pollutant loads of surface runoff in an urban tourist area have been investigated for two years in the Wuhan City Zoo, China. Eight sampling sites, including two woodlands, three animal yards, two roofs and one road, were selected for sampling and study. The results indicate that pollutants ranked in a predictable order of decreasing load （e.g. animal yard〉roof〉woodland〉road）, with animal yards acting as the key pollution source in the zoo. Pollutants were transported mainly by particulate form in runoff. Particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorous accounted on average for 61%, 78% of total pollutant, respectively, over 13 monitored rainfall events. These results indicate the treatment practices should be implemented to improve particulate nutrient removal. Analysis of the M（V） curve indicate that no first flush effect existed in the surface runoff from pervious areas （e.g. woodland, animal ground yard）, whereas a first flush effect was evident in runoff from impervious surfaces （e.g. animal cement yard, roof, road）.     

鄂东南铁矿区地面塌陷、滑坡灾害与安全生产

本文以广山铁矿区所引起的地表塌陷、滑坡等地质灾害为例，阐述了鄂东南铁矿区在采矿过程普温存在地面塌陷、滑坡等地质灾害，严重威胁矿山井下安全生产，并指出了引发灾害的原因及有关安全的防治措施。     

采煤塌陷对生态环境的影响及对策

1 前言 在煤炭开发过程中,应加强地表岩移观测,调查受采动影响面破坏的构筑物和土地塌陷情况,认真确定被破坏土地和构筑物的位置、范围、破坏程度,及时制订合理的复垦规划和保护措施。通过分析煤矿开采对生态环境的影响,制定科学的有效对策,从而减小对生态环境的破坏,合理使用和保护每一寸土地。     

环境地表γ辐射剂量率的测量不确定度评定

依据JJF1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》方法和原理,对环境地表γ辐射剂量率测量不确定度进行了评定:建立数学模型,分析测量不确定度的来源,得出相对扩展不确定度。     

城市地表径流污染物浓度数学模型的建立及验证

针对目前描述城市地表径流污染物排放过程的数学模型不能完全适用于不同降雨过程的情况,本研究建立了一个全新的P/r模型.P/r模型以地表沉积物量(P)与降雨强度(r)的比值为主要参数,描述了降雨过程产生的地表径流中污染物的排放规律.基于对发生在陕西省西安市的3场降雨事件的实测数据的模拟,本研究建立的P/r模型的预测值与实测值的归一化目标函数、相关系数和相关指数均优于Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型.根据对P/r模型进行的不确定性分析,当Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.46时,采用P/r模型对陕西省西安市地表径流中的污染物浓度进行模拟时应采用的最大比浓度常数(Km)和径流冲刷能力半饱和常数(KS)的取值范围分别为0.65~1.35 kg·min·L-1和0.16~0.22kg·min·mm-1·L-1.P/r模型的预测带平均相对宽度(ARIL)为1.21,预测带对实测值的覆盖度为67%.Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型对具有地表径流初期冲刷效应且降雨强度波动较小的降雨事件的模拟结果较好,但对于不具有地表径流初期冲刷效应的降雨事件、间歇性降雨事件及降雨强度波动较大的降雨事件并不适用.本研究建立的P/r模型的适用范围广泛,对于上述Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型不能适用的降雨事件均可适用.与Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型相比,P/r模型能够更好的描述城市地表径流的污染物排放规律.P/r模型的提出能够进一步推动地表径流排污过程数学模型的发展.     

Multivariate analysis of surface water quality in the Three Gorges area of China and implications for water management

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis, non-parametric tests, and factor analysis were applied to analyze a water quality dataset including 13 parameters at 37 sites of the Three Gorges area, China, from 2003–2008 to investigate spatio-temporal variations and identify potential pollution sources. Using cluster analysis, the twelve months of the year were classified into three periods of lowflow (LF), normal-flow (NF), and high-flow (HF); and the 37 monitoring sites were divided into low pollution (LP), moderate pollution (MP), and high pollution (HP). Dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) were identified as significant variables affecting temporal and spatial variations by non-parametric tests. Factor analysis identified that the major pollutants in the HP region were organic matters and nutrients during NF, heavy metals during LF, and petroleum during HF. In the MP region, the identified pollutants primarily included organic matter and heavy metals year-around, while in the LP region, organic pollution was significant during both NF and HF, and nutrient and heavy metal levels were high during both LF and HF. The main sources of pollution came from domestic wastewater and agricultural activities and runoff; however, they contributed differently to each region in regards to pollution levels. For the HP region, inputs from wastewater treatment plants were significant; but for MP and LP regions, water pollution was more likely from the combined effects of agriculture, domestic wastewater, and chemical industry. These results provide fundamental information for developing better water pollution control strategies for the Three Gorges area.