Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

洱海河口湿地沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因素

为探明洱海入湖河口湿地沉积物对磷的截留效应,采集干、湿季罗时江湿地沉积物,通过吸附动力学、吸附等温线试验并结合吸附模型拟合,分析沉积物对磷吸附快慢和强弱的时空特征,结合沉积物基本理化指标讨论主导吸附机制和影响因素.结果表明:罗时江湿地表层沉积物对磷快吸附阶段的速率常数较慢吸附阶段高1个数量级,最大吸附速率[85.1 mg/（kg·h）]在30 min内达到,吸附速率及磷在颗粒物内部的扩散速率均表现为干季高于湿季;低磷起始浓度下测得沉积物吸附-解吸平衡浓度（EPC₀）为（0.037±0.010）mg/L,相比其他湖泊而言处于中等偏低水平;高磷起始浓度沉积物对磷的最大缓冲容量（MBC）呈干季高于湿季、底层高于表层、湿地内部采样点高于入口和出口的趋势;Dubinin-Radushkevich等温吸附模型计算得到吸附能范围为8.65~12.79 kJ/mol,吸附作用性质为离子交换;沉积物矿物元素Fe、Al的相对含量与吸附特征参数呈显著正相关.研究显示,罗时江湿地沉积物矿物元素Fe、Al的相对含量是该区域沉积物磷吸附动力学和热力学时空差异的主导因素.      

白洋淀典型区域清淤前后沉积物的氮磷扩散通量研究

清淤是治理湖泊内源污染、控制水体富营养化的一项重要措施.本文对白洋淀示范工程区清淤前后沉积物的上覆水与间隙水中氮磷的含量与扩散通量进行了研究,评估清淤示范工程对白洋淀内源氮磷污染负荷的控制效果.结果表明：清淤前,南刘庄和采蒲台示范区沉积物的表层间隙水中氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度分别为0.31~8.93、0.25~5.64 mg·L^-1,磷酸盐（PO₄^3-）浓度分别为0.03~1.61、0.01~0.07 mg·L^-1,由于表层间隙水中NH₄⁺-N、PO₄^3-浓度较高,导致沉积物-水界面氮磷的扩散通量较高.南刘庄和采蒲台示范区沉积物-水界面NH₄⁺-N平均扩散通量分别为3.17、2.72 mg·m^-2·d^-1,PO₄^3-平均扩散通量分别为0.071、0.018 mg·m^-2·d^-1,表明NH₄⁺-N与PO₄^3-的潜在内源释放风险很高.清淤后,示范区表层间隙水中NH₄⁺-N与PO₄^3-浓度有明显的下降趋势,南刘庄和采蒲台示范区沉积物表层间隙水中NH₄⁺-N浓度分别为0.19~5.50、0.43~4.33 mg·L^-1,PO₄^3-浓度分别为0~0.07、0~0.03 mg·L^-1.南刘庄和采蒲台示范区沉积物-水界面NH₄⁺-N平均扩散通量分别为0.752、0.747 mg·m^-2·d^-1,PO₄^3-平均扩散通量分别为0.011、0.003 mg·m^-2·d^-1,可见清淤后NH₄⁺-N与PO₄^3-的潜在释放风险显著降低.由此充分说明,清淤工程有效地控制了白洋淀沉积物的内源氮磷污染负荷.     

Fenton氧化破解剩余污泥中的胞外聚合物

利用Fenton试剂的强氧化性破解剩余污泥中的胞外聚合物（EPS）,通过释放出的多聚糖、蛋白质浓度以及SCOD的变化表征EPS的破解程度,旨在找出Fenton氧化破解EPS的适宜反应条件．结果表明,pH = 2.5,反应时间90 min,H₂O₂/Fe²⁺（质量比）= 8∶1,温度65～70℃为适宜反应条件．该条件下经Fenton氧化,污泥上清液中的SCOD、多聚糖和蛋白质浓度分别由45.88、 10.96和11.99 mg·L^-1增加到684.93、 382.17和302.62 mg·L^-1;污泥颗粒平均粒径和中值粒径分别由供试污泥的838.89 μm和859.20 μm减小到137.22 μm和148.69 μm．Fenton氧化可以有效破解污泥中的EPS,提高污泥的无机化程度,有利于污泥的减量化和资源化．     

南四湖微山湖区沉积物磷形态分布特征

为了解南四湖污染底泥磷形态分布规律,对南四湖微山湖区0～25 cm沉积物分层进行了磷形态连续提取.结果表明,湖区沉积物中Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Oc-P、Ca-P、De-P和Org-P平均含量分别为5.62、 4.08、 12.25、 13.34、 116.67、 232.36和396.79 mg/kg,不同形态磷含量次序为：Al-P＜Ex-P＜Fe-P＜Oc-P＜Ca-P＜De-P＜Org-P.沉积物中各形态磷含量在垂直方向上呈现明显的规律性,易交换态磷（Ex-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）、有机磷（Org-P）含量随深度增加而逐渐降低,而铝结合态磷（Al-P）、钙结合态磷（Ca-P）、碎屑磷（De-P）含量则呈逐渐增加趋势.Sum1（Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P之和）与上覆水PO^3-₄浓度呈显著正相关,其中Fe-P与水体磷酸盐含量关系相对比较密切,其相关系数高达0.72.沉积物磷形态在空间分布上,Oc-P、Ca-P、De-P 等惰性磷的差异性小于Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P等潜在活性磷,Org-P介于二者之间.     

扰动对东平湖表层沉积物中氮磷释放的影响

采集东平湖表层沉积物,探讨了扰动对湖泊沉积物中营养盐释放的影响。结果表明,扰动导致的沉积物再悬浮并不会明显改变上覆水的酸碱环境,但是会促进易溶性阳离子的释放。扰动强度为25和50r/min时,沉积物中TN的累积释放量和释放速率均相近,没有明显的差异。但是,当扰动强度增大到100r/min时,与静态释放(即扰动强度为0r/min)相比,沉积物中TN的累积释放量和释放速率分别增加了5.02mg/kg和73.5%;与静态释放(即扰动强度为0r/min)相比,扰动强度为25r/min、50r/min和100r/min时,TP的累积释放量分别增加了0.185、0.263和0.320mg/kg,释放速率也比静态条件下明显增大,分别比静态条件增加了36.2%、41.7%和127.6%。TN和TP的释放量和释放速率均随着扰动强度的增大而呈显著增加的趋势,这表明扰动对沉积物中的TN和TP的释放均具有较大的影响。     

城市内河沉积物中反硝化作用的研究进展

沉积物是水环境的重要组成部分,它作为污染物的"汇"与"源",在外源污染有效控制后,城市内河沉积物将成为引发水体富营养化和黑臭现象的重要原因。反硝化作用是氮生物地球化学循环中的核心环节,是去除氮污染的重要途径。文章综述了城市内河沉积物中氮的生物地球化学循环及反硝化作用,着重介绍了测定反硝化速率的不同方法以及其优缺点,同时总结了影响反硝化作用的主要因素如DO浓度、有机质、温度、pH、NO3-等,并提出了该方向今后进一步研究的重点和发展趋势。     

葫芦山湾沉积物中重金属集散特征及环境背景值

本文根据１９９０年调查资料，对辽宁葫芦山湾沉积物中重金属Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ的集散特征作了研究，其集散规律受控于沉积物的机械组成和有机质含量，即符合Ｃｍ＝Ａ／Ｓｘ×（ｄｘ（ｙ＋θｒ）／ｄ５０）Ｂ经验方程的规律；重金属环境背景值的求法是采用：①按统计分类型公式计算法，②采用对数累积频率曲线作图法和极大相关分析计算法，两种方法计算结果颇为近似。     

Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

福建省泉州湾表层沉积物中重金属的含量与分布

于2004年7月在泉州湾采集了表层沉积物样品,分析了8种重金属的含量和分布。泉州湾表层沉积物中的重金属基本呈现出由河流入海口向湾内及湾口逐渐降低的趋势。据潜在生态风险评价,泉州湾表层沉积物重金属的生态危害程度都较小。