黄金矿选矿厂含氰废水处理研究

以银洞坡金矿为俐．对选矿厂含氰废水进行了水质调查．采用碱性氯化法处理银洞坡金矿尾矿库的含氰废水,在去除氰化物和重金属方面都取得了较好的效果,提出了采用间歇式方法处理舍氰废水工艺方案。     

甲基化防己诺林碱制备粉防己碱研究

粉防己碱是一种治疗心血管疾病的药物,只能从中药粉防己中提取.近年来粉防己的资源量锐减.防己诺林碱的含量仅次于粉防己碱,至今还没有成为一种药物,是粉防己碱生产时的副产品.为了有效利用这种副产品,本文研究了将防己诺林碱转化为防己碱的方法.在不同的溶剂系统和碱性条件下,以防己诺林碱为原料,采用两种甲基化试剂制备了粉防己碱.结果表明,溶剂、碱性和甲基化试剂等对收率都有很大的影响.其中最优的方法是,硫酸二甲酯为甲基化试剂,二氯甲烷/KOH溶液为溶剂,收率最高,副反应最少,为61.4%.此转化反应能够有效利用粉防己药材.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

模拟酸雨对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响及机理

通过恒温恒湿连续培养的方法,研究了外源酸雨对土壤pH值、酸性磷酸酶活性的影响,同时运用紫外差光谱和荧光光谱对其机理进行了探讨.结果表明,酸雨通过改变土壤pH值而影响酶活性,pH6.66的近中性土壤酶活性呈现激活-抑制的变化过程;而pH4.61的酸性土壤酶活性持续下降.溶液构象研究表明,pH值是通过改变酶的肽链构象、氨基酸残基微环境而影响其活性的.     

累托石对水中染料碱性桃红的吸附

采用累托石作为水中碱性桃红的吸附剂.考察了振荡时间、pH值、累托石用量、碱性桃红初始浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响.测定了吸附等温线,对吸附动力学规律进行了数学模拟.结果表明,振荡时间、累托石用量、碱性桃红初始浓度等因素对吸附效果有重要影响.对于初始质量浓度为50 mg/L的碱性桃红水溶液,最适宜吸附条件为:振荡时间30 min,累托石用量200 mg/100 mL,pH值为6.累托石对水中碱性桃红的吸附等温线呈"S"型,等温吸附规律可用Freundlich模式较好地描述,吸附动力学规律可用Bangham公式模拟.     

提高污泥碱性发酵挥发酸积累的新方法

为了加大剩余污泥在碱性条件下的水解酸化程度,本研究尝试了两种新的能促进污泥碱性发酵产酸的方式,分别是向批式的污泥碱性发酵系统中投加未灭菌发酵污泥和投加灭菌发酵污泥,结合温度的影响(10℃和35℃)分别考察了这两种方式对污泥水解酸化效果的影响.结果表明,中温有利于水解酶和产酸菌作用的发挥,增大了污泥的水解酸化程度,体系内有明显的挥发酸(VFAs)积累.35℃条件下,两种方式都在很大程度上促进了新鲜污泥的水解酸化程度,经灭菌后的发酵污泥的投加较等量的未灭菌的发酵污泥的投加效果更为显著.前者的水解速率是后者的2倍,发酵末期酸积累量为后者的1.5倍,且前者在较长的发酵时间内VFAs含量维持恒定.分析两种方式能促进污泥水解酸化的原因得到:未灭菌发酵污泥的投加是向系统中引入了一定量的产酸菌,灭菌发酵污泥的投加引入了大量的较易水解的有机底物.水解产物的增加能在更大程度上影响产酸的效果.因此,中温条件下向污泥碱性发酵系统中投加经灭菌处理后的发酵污泥是提高剩余污泥发酵产酸量更为有效的方式.     

三氯生对土壤酶活性的影响

为了明确三氯生对土壤生态环境的安全性,以3种土壤酶为指标,采用室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度的三氯生对土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,不同浓度水平的三氯生对3种土壤酶活性的影响效果不同。低浓度(≤50 mg/kg)三氯生作用下,脲酶活性先降低后增加,最后恢复到对照水平,高浓度(100 mg/kg)三氯生胁迫下脲酶活性先降低后恢复最后又被抑制。而对酸性磷酸酶活性来说,三氯生在低浓度时(≤50 mg/kg)先刺激后抑制酶活性,最后磷酸酶活性恢复到对照水平,高浓度下(100 mg/kg)三氯生先抑制后刺激再抑制磷酸酶活性,最后磷酸酶活性恢复到对照水平。各浓度水平的三氯生在培养的初期(21 d)对土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,随着培养时间延长(≥28 d),低浓度(≤50 mg/kg)三氯生刺激了酶活性,高浓度(100 mg/kg)的三氯生抑制了过氧化氢酶活性。总体来说,高浓度的三氯生对土壤环境存在不利影响。     

三峡水库沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的活性

为了解三峡水库沉积物中碱性磷酸酶(APA)活性的特点,采集了来自三峡水库干支流的11个柱状沉积物,测定了沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的活性。结果表明,三峡水库沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性有明显的空间异质性。干流的茅坪、郭家坝、巴东的酶活性小且没有显著性差异,茅坪位点的碱性磷酸酶活性在垂直方向上随着采样深度的增加而递减,而巴东和郭家坝的酶活性在垂直方向上变化趋势不明显;支流酶活性表现为:香溪河>大宁河>小江>干流,从上游到下游的酶活性变化呈现多峰值的变化,而在垂直方向上同样表现为随着采样深度的增加而递减。此外,碱性磷酸酶活性与水体富营养化程度、沉积物的污染程度和沉积环境有关,因此可以将其作为评价水体营养状况的指标之一。     

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

有机无机缓释复合肥对不同土壤微生物群落结构的影响

缓控释肥料作为一类新型肥料已成为近年来的研究热点,但对土壤微生物群落多样性影响规律的研究甚少.研究采用磷脂脂肪酸法分析缓释复合肥(SRF)、化肥(CF)和普通复合肥(CCF)分别施入酸性土和微碱性土恒温培养10、30、60和90d后的微生物群落结构多样性.结果表明,缓释复合肥等肥料施入2种土壤恒温培养(10~90 d)后检测到多种细菌(13:0,i14:0,14:0,i15:0,a15:0,i16:0,16:12OH,16:1w5c,16:0,i17:0,a17:0,cy17:0,17:02OH,i18:0,18:0,cy19:0w8c),2种放线菌(10Me17:0和10Me18:0)和1种真菌(18:1w9c).SRF在酸性土壤培养前期(10 d和30 d)较CF显著增加真菌PLFA含量8.3%和6.8%,在培养后期(60 d和90 d)较CCF显著增加真菌PLFA含量22.7%和17.1%;SRF较CF和CCF显著增加微碱性土壤在整个恒温培养期(30 d除外)土壤细菌、真菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFA含量.酸性土壤培养30 d和90 d时一般饱和脂肪酸/单烯不饱和脂肪酸PLFA值以SRF显著高于不施肥(CK)、CF和CCF,而在微碱性土壤上SRF仅在恒温培养60d时显著高于CK、CF和CCF;SRF较CCF显著降低酸性土壤(30~90 d)和微碱性土壤(10~60 d)异构PLFA/反异构PLFA值.从2种土壤PLFA种类、含量以及相对丰度等可知缓释复合肥较化肥和普通复合肥提高了土壤微生物PLFA种类和含量以及减弱对微生物生存环境的胁迫,缓释复合肥在2种土壤中尤其对酸性土的作用明显.通过研究缓释复合肥对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响,以期为农业生产上广泛施用缓释复合肥提供科学依据.