基于31P-NMR与SMT方法的海河流域典型河流沉积物中磷形态特征研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振分析方法和SMT分级方法,对比研究了海河流域典型人工河流子牙新河和滏阳新河、自然河流子牙河表层沉积物中磷形态.结果发现,两条河流沉积物中TC、TN、TP含量均很高,且相关性显著,污染较重且具有同源性.沉积物中总磷在568.2~9171.9mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的25.5%~81.8%之间,其次为NaOH-P,所占比例为9.3%~55.5%.使用~(31)P-NMR技术在沉积物中共检测到7类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)、膦酸盐(Phon-P)及多聚磷酸盐(Poly-P).Ortho-P和Mono-P分别为总磷和有机磷的主要组成成分,含量分别在113.8~6226.1 mg·kg~(-1_和27.0~1991.9 mg·kg~(-1)之间.子牙河、子牙新河和滏阳新河两条河流在沉积物磷组成方面存在很大的差异子牙新河和滏阳新河沉积物中总磷明显高于子牙河.     

优化CASS工艺的设想

综合分析了CASS工艺的不足及其产生原因,借鉴反硝化除磷和BCFS工艺的思想,提出在原有的CASS工艺的基础上进一步优化,以达到更好的脱氮除磷的目的.     

人工湿地基质除磷影响因素研究进展

基质除磷被认为是人工湿地中磷去除的主要方式。人工湿地基质除磷不仅受其自身化学特性的影响,还受到废水磷负荷、水力条件、运行方式、温度、溶解氧、pH、竞争性离子等的影响,结合国内外的最新研究进展较全面地论述了上述因素对基质除磷效果的影响。最后对吸附饱和基质的去向进行了一定的探讨。     

巢湖底泥磷的释放模拟实验研究

在实验室条件下，模拟了DO控制、pH值调节、温度调节、水动力条件等，进行了底泥释磷实验。实验表明：（1）厌氧条件下，底泥中的磷向水体释放，且释放强度随pH值的升高而升高。好氧条件下，底泥非但没有向水体释放磷，反而从水体中吸附磷，呈“负释放”状态；且pH值越低，“负释放强度”越大。（2）温度升高有利于底泥中磷的释放，最大释放强度随温度的升高而提前。（3）搅动条件下的底泥磷释放量大于静置条件下的底泥磷释放量。（4）微生物对磷释放有明显的影响。从本次模拟实验结果看，体系温度升高、减少溶解氧、提高pH以及施以水动力作用，均可使底泥中的磷释放量增加，在常温（25℃）、厌氧、pH=7.5条件下，底泥中磷向水体的释放量将增加17％左右。     

嘉兴农村不同土地利用方式下沟渠底泥中的氮磷形态分布特征

沟渠是农田氮、磷营养物质排入地表水体的通道. 对嘉兴大田、集约化菜地、集约化果园、集约化养殖场4种土地利用方式下的农村沟渠0～5 cm表层底泥氮、磷的形态分布特征进行了研究. 结果表明:67个沟渠底泥样品的w(全氮)为1 560～7 480 mg/kg,其中w(交换态氮)为31.15～704.38 mg/kg,占w(全氮)的1.29%～10.01%;交换态氮中以铵态氮为主,占w(交换态氮)的62.15%～100%. 沟渠底泥样品的w(全磷)为580～6 420 mg/kg,w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)为19.53～359.72 mg/kg,占w(全磷)的2.05%～18.96%;w(水溶性磷)为0.29～18.88 mg/kg,占w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)的1.11%～14.63%. 土地利用方式对沟渠底泥氮、磷的形态分布有显著影响(P<0.01),集约化养殖场沟渠底泥中的w(全氮), w(交换态氮),w(铵态氮), w(硝态氮), w(交换态氮)/w(全氮), w(全磷), w(水溶性磷), w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)均显著高于其他土地利用方式. 底泥w(全氮), w(交换态氮), w(铵态氮)和w(硝态氮)两两间以及w(全磷), w(水溶性磷), w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)两两间均在α0.01时显著相关,w(全磷)与w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)的相关性(r0.81,P<0.01)好于与w(水溶性磷)的相关性(r0.51,P<0.01).      

降雨──产流过程与氮、磷流失特征研究

以于桥水库流域为例,通过人工降雨模拟实验与天然降雨径流过程监测,对所获主要营养盐物质──氮、磷的监测数据进行归纳、分析、验证,得出氮、磷随径流过程的输出特征,变化趋势、共性与差异,以及主要影响因子对氮、磷流失的影响过程与原因分析,为水体富营养化的防治研究提供依据．     

Comparison of quartz sand, anthracite, shale and biological ceramsite for adsorptive removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution

The choice of substrates with high phosphorus adsorption capacity is vital for sustainable phosphorus removal from waste water in constructed wetlands. In this study, four substrates were used： quartz sand, anthracite, shale and biological ceramsite. These substrate samples were characterized by X- ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy studies for their mineral components （chemical components） and surface characteristics. The dynamic experimental results revealed the following ranking order for total phosphorus （TP） removal efficiency： anthracite 〉 biological ceramsite 〉 shale 〉 quartz sand. The adsorptive removal capacities for TP using anthracite, biological ceramsite, shale and quartz sand were 85.87, 81.44, 59.65, and 55.98 mg/kg, respectively. Phosphorus desorption was also studied to analyze the substrates＇ adsorption efficiency in wastewater treatment as well as the substrates＇ ability to be reused for treatment. It was noted that the removal performance for the different forms of phosphorus was dependent on the nature of the substrate and the adsorption mechanism. A comparative analysis showed that the removal of particulate phosphorus was much easier using shale. Whereas anthracite had the highest soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） adsorptive capacity, biological ceramsite had the highest dissolved organic phosphorus （DOP） removal capacity. Phosphorus removal by shale and biological ceramsite was mainly through chemical adsorption, precipitation or biological adsorption. On the other hand, phosphorus removal through physical adsorption （electrostatic attraction or ion exchange） was dominant in anthracite and quartz sand.     

3种覆盖材料对底泥磷释放的抑制及影响因素研究

采用试验的方法研究了建筑废料、天然沸石和自制陶粒对底泥磷释放的抑制作用。结果表明,在覆盖厚度为2 cm、温度为18~22℃的条件下,自制陶粒的抑制效果最好,天然沸石次之,建筑废料最差。天然沸石覆盖底泥后,在18~25℃范围内,温度越高,覆盖法抑制磷释放的效果越差。在第57 d,温度为25℃时,上覆水中总磷质量浓度为1.598 mg/L,而在室内水温(18~22℃)条件下,上覆水中总磷质量浓度为0.984 mg/L。覆盖层厚度越大,沸石粒径越小,控制底泥磷释放的效果越好。在温度为室温、粒径为3~5 mm的条件下,在第57 d,覆盖厚度为3 cm时,上覆水中总磷质量浓度为0.565 mg/L,而覆盖厚度为1 cm时,上覆水中总磷质量浓度为0.984 mg/L;粒径由3~5 mm减小到20~40目(0.42~0.83 mm),第32 d的上覆水中总磷质量浓度由2.80 mg/L降低到2.06 mg/L,第57 d的上覆水中总磷质量浓度由3.59 mg/L降低到2.64 mg/L。     

生物除磷系统启动期聚磷菌的FISH原位分析与聚磷特性

应用FISH对以乙酸钠为碳源的强化生物除磷 (EBPR) SBR反应器启动期的微生物进行原位分析,考察除磷生态系统形成过程中聚磷菌种群结构、空间分布关系动态变化及其聚磷特性.结果表明,以异养菌为主的活性污泥经过厌氧/好氧驯化后,聚磷菌大量富集,在全菌中的比例由11.5%增加到40.48%.启动过程中,生物系统内菌群竞争持续进行：首先,聚磷菌淘汰异养菌,历时5 d;聚磷菌种群内选择过程历时19 d;经过优势聚磷菌群的二次增长后,共计34 d完成生物除磷系统的启动.富集过程中快速增殖的聚磷菌不能立刻行使除磷能力,要有一段“积累期”形成一定的PHA和poly-P储备.表现为污染物去除效率滞后于聚磷菌的增殖,经过4～8 d的 “积累期”后上升出现峰值.二次增长的优势聚磷菌群也经过“积累期”后才发挥作用.FISH图片显示,快速增殖期的聚磷菌菌体小,菌群结构松散.经过“积累期”之后,菌体不断增大,并开始紧密聚集形成致密的团状,此时反应器处理效率较高.     

Assessment on the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus of Beijing surface water based on GIS system and multivariate statistical approaches

This paper presented the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Beijing surface water during the survey. A significant difference was found out in concentration distribution of various parameters of nitrogen and phosphorus. Most water bodies in five water systems were polluted by total nitrogen with the content even up to 120 mg/L which was higher than exceeded the fifth class standard of national surface water quality standard GB3838-2002 except for several segments of Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe. Ammonia and phosphorus showed a similar tendency of distribution with higher content in Daqinghe, Beiyunhe and Jiyunhe water systems, but with relatively low concentrations in Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe water systems. Meanwhile, nitrate was found at comparatively low content (mostly less than 10 mg/L) and could fit for corresponding water quality requirements. Totally, the water quality of Daqinghe, Jiyunhe and Beiyunhe river systems as well as the lower reaches of Yongdinghe and Chaobaihe was contaminated seriously with high content of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Through multivariate statistical approaches, it can be concluded that total nitrogen, ammonia and total phosphorus was highly correlated to chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity,which explained the same pollution source from anthropogenic activities.