道路车辆-电气和电子装备的环境条件和试验第1部分:总则 ISO16750.1

引言 ISO 16750旨在按设备样品生存周期内预期将要承受的真实环境,系统地向用户提供一组国际公认的环境条件、试验和运行要求.     

环境保护中的公共参与制度探析

传统的环境监督管理模式是以政府为主导,但是面对日益复杂、严峻的环境问题,政府的力量已显得明显不足。一方面,环境的防治需要大量成本的投入,而国家在环境方面投入是有限的,光靠政府往往很难及时对环境问题做出反应,从而使一些环境问题因没有得到及时处理而恶化,最终达不到预期目标。另一方面,政府本身为了发展也会进行一些不适当的开发,对环境本身造成很大的损害。因此,各国开始从单纯的依靠政府来进行整体的规划与防治开始转向注重社会公众在环境治理的过程中发挥重要的作用,随着政府的不断重视,公众参与的机制开始成为一种新的环境监督管理模式。     

Irrigation quotas for high water use efficiency and economic water productivity of typical crops in Shiyang River Basin北大核心CSCD

Water consumption in agricultural activities is the main water use in inland oases in Northwest China. Research on water conservation in agriculture is of great significance to alleviate the conflict between the use of agricultural and ecological water and is of great importance to local farmers’ livelihoods. This study, based on traditional irrigation practices (flood irrigation and fixed irrigation frequency) of Minqin County in Shiyang River Basion, was designed to reveal the impacts of five irrigation quotas (1 800, 1 440, 1 080, 720, and 360 m3/hm2) on crop yield, biomass, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and economic water productivity (EWP) to determine the optimal irrigation for five crops and guide local irrigation practices. The results showed that: (1) Under the five irrigation quotas, IWUE of corn, with the highest of 12.27 kg/m3, was higher than the other four crops; (2) The average EWP of cotton with a 2-year-average of 8.0 yuan/m3 was higher than the other four crops. Thus, the economic output of cotton is the best under the same irrigation quota; (3) Considering the yield, IWUE, EWP, and biomass, corn was better than the other four typical crops; and (4) 1 080 m3/hm2 was the optimal irrigation quota for sunflower in local planting practices. In addition, 720 m3/hm2 was suitable for corn, pepper, wheat, and cotton as their irrigation quota. This study shows that reducing the amount of irrigation quota in the Shiyang River Basin can effectively improve local IWUE and EWP. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

资源、环境、生态的关系探讨及对自然资源管理的建议

资源、环境和生态是我国生态文明建设的三个关键词,也是地球系统科学的重要组成,但目前学术研究和政策制定上仍存在模棱两可的问题,给自然资源领域的科学发展和贯彻落实生态文明发展理念带来了潜在不利影响,明晰其各自概念边界具有重要理论价值和现实意义。本文在分析自然资源、自然环境和生态环境三者内涵的基础上,对比了国内外关注视角、问题和需求的差异,并根据各自特征属性尝试构建了三者关系及判别图解模型。主要结论为:(1)国内外对自然资源、自然环境和生态环境的关注视角、问题和需求存在显著差异,其关注视角分别为数量、质量和平衡状态,关注问题分别为枯竭、退化和破坏,而关注需求分别为节约、保护和恢复;(2)三个概念的相互关系可通过是否自然、是否有价值和是否生物相关三个属性进行判别,自然资源的本质为有价值的自然环境,与自然环境是包含与被包含的关系,生物相关的自然资源即是生态环境;(3)对自然资源管理提出了拓展调查研究内容、采用"资源环境"表述和对生态治理工程进行以生物多样性为重点的负面影响评价三方面的建议。     

疫情要防住 经济要稳住 发展要安全

进入7月,2022年已经过半。伴随着新型冠状肺炎疫情防控形势总体好转,生产生活秩序逐渐步人正轨,国民经济整体呈现恢复势头。“疫情要防住、经济要稳住、发展要安全”,这是4月底召开的中共中央政治局会议上予以强调的,在关键时刻为全年的经济社会发展预期目标指明了前进的方向,注入了强大的信心和力量。