生活垃圾焚烧厂垃圾的汞含量与汞排放特征研究

垃圾焚烧是大气汞的重要排放源之一,为了解垃圾焚烧厂入炉垃圾中的汞含量和焚烧汞排放特征,本研究选取了上海、广州和芜湖市3座典型生活垃圾焚烧厂,对入炉垃圾进行连续采样分析,采用OH法对排放烟气进行采样测试,同时采集焚烧飞灰和炉渣样品进行汞含量分析.结果表明,上海、广州、芜湖市生活垃圾焚烧厂入炉垃圾中汞含量分别为(0.39±0.04)、(0.57±0.05)、(0.27±0.08)mg·kg~(-1).广州市焚烧厂排放烟气汞质量浓度为(9.5±3.9)μg·m~(-3),烟气中Hgp、Hg~(2+)、Hg~0分布比例分别为(0.9±0.8)%、(89.0±5.4)%、(10.1±4.6)%;芜湖市焚烧厂排放烟气汞质量浓度为(24.1±6.0)μg·m~(-3),烟气中Hgp、Hg~(2+)、Hg~0分布比例分别为(1.0±0.8)%、(65.4±27.6)%、(33.6±27.5)%;不同焚烧工艺排放烟气中Hg~(2+)的分布比例不同.广州、芜湖市焚烧厂脱汞效率分别为96.7%、33.7%;上海、广州、芜湖市垃圾焚烧厂大气汞排放因子分别为(0.156±0.016)、(0.019±0.002)、(0.178±0.027)mg·kg~(-1),广州市焚烧厂大气汞排放因子略低于韩国、日本的生活垃圾焚烧厂,上海、芜湖市垃圾焚烧厂大气汞排放因子与国内部分生活垃圾焚烧厂相接近.     

成都及其周边地区轻型载客汽车行驶里程调查与分析

研究目的是通过实地调查和统计分析及检验确定成都及其周边地区轻型载客汽车的活动水平(用行驶里程表征)及规律,并比较不同地区间的差异。统计表明,成都及周边城市轻型载客汽车的年均行驶里程为1.5~2.0万km/年。其中绵阳和其他城市间的差异比较显著,而其他城市间的差异在绝对值上较小。成都及其周边地区轻型载客汽车年均行驶里程随车龄呈递减趋势,以成都市最为明显,而周边其他地区稍差。结果表明,为提高机动车尾气排放清单的准确度,对城市差异较大的不同地区的轻型载客汽车的行驶里程进行分别调查是必要的。     

Indoor and outdoor air PBDE levels in a Southwestern US city

Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have been increasing in humans and the environment for the past few decades. Human levels are markedly higher in the US than Europe. Although food appears to be a significant route of intake, food PBDE levels are not substantially higher in the US than Europe. House and office dust appear to be major routes of exposure with air believed to usually provide a lesser route of intake. Because there are very few measurements of airborne PBDE that have been performed in relevant microenvironments in the US, increased efforts to assess airborne PBDE in the US as sources of exposure are needed. This study reports, for the first time from a Southwestern US city in Texas, the results of measurements of airborne PBDE in multiple locations, two outdoor and six indoor (residential and office) from active air sampling with collection of a combination of both vapor- and particulate-phase PBDE. Higher PBDE levels were measured in indoor than outdoor air, which confirms previous findings. Of 11 measured congeners including BDE 209, total PBDE levels in two outdoor air samples were 112 and 125 pg m^?3 and the indoor air levels ranged from 175 to 1232 pg m^?3 with a median of 572 pg m^?3. These findings suggest that sources of air contamination with PBDE may be similar in Texas as elsewhere in North America. However, more sampling is required to (1) better determine if this is the case and (2) attempt to characterize potential sources of PBDE contamination in both indoor and outdoor air by analysis of congener patterns.     

钾浓度对茴香植株生长发育、精油含量和组分的影响

为了揭示钾浓度对植物生长发育和次生代谢产物——精油累积的影响特性及其内在关系,采用水培方法,以日本园试配方中钾含量为标准1K,设计1/8K、1/4K、1/2K、1K和2K处理,研究了不同钾浓度对茴香Foeniculum vulgare Mill.生长发育、精油含量和组分的影响.结果表明:不同钾浓度处理对植株形态(茴香分枝数、节数和花序数)、生物量(地上部鲜质量、全株鲜质量和全株干质量)、碳、氮含量(全氮、蛋白氮、全碳、可溶性糖、C/N)、精油含量、单株精油产量和色素含量(Chl.a、Chl.b、CAR.、Chl.a+b、Chl.a/b)影响显著,综合认为1K为利于茴香初生代谢产物累积(生长发育)的最佳处理,而1/4K、1/8K和1K为利于次生代谢产物累积(精油含量)的较好处理;相关分析表明,精油含量与全碳含量(r=0.72)、可溶性糖含量(r=0.70)成极显著正相关;单株精油产量与全氮含量(r=0.49)呈显著正相关.不同钾浓度处理茴香精油均鉴定出23种成分,其中17种成分的相对含量差异显著.精油第一主要成分反式-茴香脑含量为74.75%~79.15%,第二主要成分柠檬烯含量为8.25%~14.81%,第三主要成分莳萝芹菜脑相对含量2.04%~3.82%,处理间均差异显著.结论:钾浓度不但影响茴香的生长发育,还影响着茴香次生代谢产物精油的含量、产量和成分组成比例;适宜的钾浓度(1K)可以实现茴香初生代谢产物累积(生长发育)与次生代谢产物累积(精油产量)均高的结果.     

基于沉积物中总氮和总磷垂向分布与吸附解吸特征的白洋淀清淤深度

针对白洋淀清淤示范区2种主要水体类型：开阔淀和鱼塘,采用沉积物总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的垂向分布拐点法和吸附解吸平衡浓度法,开展了清淤深度确定研究.根据沉积物TN和TP含量垂向分布拐点法与吸附解吸平衡浓度分别确定的清淤深度是一致的.南刘庄示范区淀水体清淤深度为（50±10）cm,南刘庄示范区鱼塘水体清淤深度为（30±10）cm,采蒲台示范区鱼塘水体清淤深度为（30±10）cm.沉积物对NH₄⁺-N吸附/解吸平衡浓度（ENC₀）与交换态NH₄⁺-N含量和TN含量显著正相关;沉积物对溶解态活性磷（SRP）吸附/解吸平衡浓度（EPC₀）与沉积物交换态SRP含量和TP显著正相关.沉积物TN和TP含量可以预测沉积物对上覆水体释放氮、磷的风险.南刘庄和采蒲台清淤示范区沉积物有向上覆水释放氮、磷的趋势,沉积物是水体营养的来源.建议判别清淤深度TN控制值为750mg·kg^-1、TP控制值为500mg·kg^-1,沉积物剖面TN含量大于750mg·kg^-1、TP含量大于500mg·kg^-1,可设计为清淤层.     

基于去耦合直接法的兰江流域地表水水质预测方法研究

针对影响因素众多、耦合机制复杂情况下的地表水污染物浓度预测问题,将河道污染物浓度的变化量表示为各种影响因子一阶偏导项和二阶偏导项的线性叠加。其中,一阶偏导项可描述影响因子变化与污染物浓度变化的直接关系,二阶偏导项可描述影响因子之间交互作用对污染物浓度变化的影响。在此基础上,提出了用以模拟地表水污染物浓度的去耦合直接法。采用2014—2016年兰江流域将军岩、低田、半潭、沈村、焦岩5个断面的水文和氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、总氮、总磷4项污染指标逐日实测数据,通过差分法求解了一阶和二阶偏导项,并采用2017—2019年实测数据对模型进行了验证和评价。结果表明：去耦合直接法能够有效预测地表水主要污染物浓度的变化方向和变化量,且模拟结果和实测结果的符合情况较好,4项污染指标模拟值的Nash-Sutcliffe系数为0.479～0.654,模拟值与实测值的偏差为0.070～0.352;汇流区面积增加后,影响因子不确性对污染物浓度的扰动减小,污染物浓度变化的规律性增强,去耦合直接法的模拟精度升高。与SWAT模型的对比分析结果显示,在污染成因不发生显著变化的情况下,去耦合直接法的模拟精度优于SWAT模型。     

生物膜填料塔处理高流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的初探

采用净化甲苯专用菌种对生物膜填料塔净化处理高流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的技术进行了初步实验研究。实验结果表明 ,当气体流量在 0 8m3 /h、进口浓度为 10 5mg/m3 、停留时间 18 3s时 ,甲苯的去除率可达到 6 1 90 % ,出口甲苯浓度低于国家对现有企业的排放标准 (≤ 6 0mg/m3 )。适宜的操作温度应控制在 19～ 2 5℃之间 ,氮磷营养添加量的配比应控制为C∶N∶P =2 0 0∶5∶1,操作压降与气体流量呈线性关系。结合实验数据 ,对相关的基础理论进行了初步探讨。     

噁唑菌酮的环境行为及残留毒理研究现状

综述了噁唑菌酮的环境行为以及在生物体中的残留毒性的研究进展,并提出了今后的研究重点。     

Natural radionuclide concentrations in two phosphate ores of east Algeria

Ore is considered as an important source of many elements such as the iron, phosphorus, and uranium. Concerning the natural radionuclides, their concentrations vary from an ore to other depending on the chemical composition of each site.In this work, two phosphate ores found in East of Algeria have been chosen to assess the activity concentration of natural radionuclides represented mainly by three natural radioactive series ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U and ²³²Th, and the primordial radionuclide ⁴⁰K where they were determined using ultra-low background, high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy.The measured activity concentrations of radioactive series ranged from 6.2 ± 0.4 to 733 ± 33 Bq.kg⁻¹ for the ²³²Th series, from 249 ± 16 to 547 ± 39 Bq.kg⁻¹ for the ²³⁸U series, around 24.2 ± 2.5 Bq.kg⁻¹ for the ²³⁵U series, and from 1.4 ± 0.2 to 6.7 ± 0.7 Bq.kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K.To assess exposure to gamma radiation in the two ores, from specific activities of ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ²²⁶Ra, three indexes were determined: Radium equivalent (Ra_eq), external and internal hazard indexes (H_ex and H_in), their values ranged from 831 ± 8 to 1298 ± 14 Bq.kg⁻¹ for Ra_eq, from 2.2 ± 0.4 to 3.5 ± 0.7 Bq.kg⁻¹ for H_ex, and from 4.2 ± 0.7 to 4.5 ± 0.7 Bq.kg⁻¹ for H_in.     

Uranium isotopes in groundwater from the “Jeffara coastal aquifer” (southeastern Tunisia)

The distributions of ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U in groundwater from the “Jeffara aquifer” were studied by using alpha spectrometric methods. The concentration ranges of ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios were 1.34 ± 0.17 to 3.43 ± 0.38 ppb, and 1.43 ± 0.23 to 1.82 ± 0.27 respectively. Variations in concentrations can be related not only to lithostratigraphic formations but also to different origins of groundwater. U content of Jeffara are found very similar to those of Continental Intercalaire aquifer in both El Hamma and Chenchou regions, indicating that the Continental Intercalaire is the dominant source of the groundwater.