国家海洋公园选址研究——以大连长山群岛为例

借鉴国际相关理论研究及实践成果,以大连长山群岛为例,在综合考虑区域生态、经济、社会等因素的基础上,借助GIS空间分析技术,通过影响因子、空间结构、适宜性等多方面综合分析国家海洋公园的选址位置、范围大小及功能分区。结果表明,公园核心区的最优地址为乌蟒岛菜坨子,面积约为1 689.25 km²,结合长山群岛的自然特征,充分考虑海洋生物的分布状况、繁殖、生长规律,以及有利于生态保护与科研教育,并减少对当地生产影响等因素,将公园划分为:核心区、缓冲区、实验区、游憩区以及一般利用区等5个功能区,并提出了相应的功能分区目的及功能。     

Biotic indexes reveal the impact of harbour enlargement on benthic fauna

Environmental effects of enlargement works in Puerto Calero (Lanzarote, Canary Islands) were analysed in the sediments using abiotic variables (total hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, organic matter and granulometry) and three biotic indexes (AMBI, M-AMBI and BENTIX). A before–after/control–impact (BACI) design was developed with four sampling campaigns, before (November 2004), during (March and July 2005) and after (July 2006) works. Inner stations were characterised by high concentrations of pollutants (total hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons). A temporal trend (2004–2006) was observed in macrofaunal assemblage structure, and thus in AMBI, M-AMBI and BENTIX indexes. Macrobenthic assemblages also mirrored the pollution gradient, with bioindicator species in inner stations (the polychaete Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata and the mollusc Abra alba), sensitive species (the sipunculid Aspidosiphon muelleri, the crustacean Pariambus typicus and the polychaete Aponuphis bilineata) in outer stations and ubiquitous species (the polychaetes Aricidea assimilis and Armandia polyophthalma) in both stations (inner and outer).     

Calamity,kastom, and modernity: local interpretations of vulnerability in the western Pacific

On 2 April 2007 a large tsunami struck the small island of Simbo in the western Solomon Islands. It obliterated two villages, killed 10 people, and provoked communities on the northern half of the island to permanently relocate their settlements. In this article I examine how the Simbo people experienced and perceived this catastrophic event. Local discourses about the tsunami, its aftermath, and its selective lethality reveal how Simboans do not employ spiritual or naturalistic rationales to conceptualize vulnerability. Rather it is described in terms of the anxieties and novel opportunities associated with encroaching modernity and other exogenous large-scale social and economic processes. The case exemplifies the tensions and contradictions that arise when communities actively negotiate and trade-off one set of vulnerabilities for others as social and ecological contexts transform. I argue that an improved understanding of local interpretations of vulnerability is critical if our interest is to better cope with inevitable future ecological disturbances.     

Nontraditional settlement patterns and typhoon hazard on contemporary Majuro atoll,Republic of the Marshall Islands

Low-lying islands and atolls are particularly prone to storm surges created by tropical depressions and typhoons. This paper presents a case study of traditional and contemporary settlement patterns of Majuro, the capital of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and discusses its vulnerability to such storm surges. The paper shows that the application of traditional knowledge extends to the realm of urban planning and that, in fact, ignoring this traditional knowledge as expressed in pre-World War II settlement patterns, exposes urban development to increased flood hazards, a risk which may exact a price too high in life and property.     

A GROUND WATER RESOURCES STUDY OF A PACIFIC OCEAN ATOLL - TARAWA,GILBERT ISLANDS1

ABSTRACT: The geology and fresh ground water lens development in a typical Pacific atoll are described together with a method for hydrogeological investigation. The fresh water resources of such lenses are investigated using Tarawa as an example. It is shown that simple steady state solutions cannot be realistically applied, and that despite the paucity of hydrogeological data, which is considered typical of such islands, practical nonsteady state solutions allow resource assessments. The susceptability of lens resources to drought conditions is demonstrated.     

植物浮岛对人工河渠水质净化的实验研究

阐述了植物浮岛的概念、结构特点,分析了植物浮岛的应用原理,对水质的净化作用及植物浮岛当前的应用现状进行了研究.     

The legacy of migration in response to climate stress: learning from the Gilbertese resettlement in the Solomon Islands

The long‐term threat of sea‐level rise to coral atoll and reef island communities in Kiribati, Tuvalu and other nations has raised the possibility of international migration. Historical resettlements in the Pacific may provide valuable insight into the long‐term effect of future climate change‐related migration on communities. This study evaluates the challenges faced by Gilbertese people resettled from modern‐day Kiribati to Ghizo in the Solomon Islands by the British colonial administration in the mid‐1900s. Drawing upon field interviews (n = 45) conducted in 2011 and the available historical literature, the study examines the circumstances of the initial failed resettlement in the equatorial Phoenix Islands, the subsequent relocation to Ghizo, and the recent concerns of the Gilbertese in Ghizo. Focus is placed on the struggle to recover from the 2007 tsunami that devastated the unprepared community. The analysis reveals that uncertainty about land tenure (raised by 61% of respondents) persists 60 years after resettlement, and is linked to the ability to recover from the tsunami, tensions with the Melanesian population, concerns over political representation, cultural decline, and education and employment opportunities. The Gilbertese experience can serve as a cautionary tale for policymakers considering mechanisms for facilitating climate change‐related migration.     

Emergency Safe Spaces in Haiti and the Solomon Islands

This paper provides background information on emergency Safe Spaces for children and specific information for responses in Haiti and the Solomon Islands. In 2007, both countries experienced natural disasters that resulted in internal displacement of thousands of people. The Save the Children Alliance created Safe Spaces for children living in camps for internally displaced persons. The project sought to accomplish ‘B‐SAFE’ strategies through emergency education, psychosocial, and protection interventions. The B‐SAFE strategies are to (B)uild relationships, cooperation, and respect among peers; to (S)creen for high‐risk children and youth; (A)ctive, structured learning and life saving information; to (F)acilitate children's natural resilience and a return to normalcy; and to (E)stablish a sense of security and self‐esteem. The project made use of child and parent surveys and observation tools that measured B‐SAFE indicators. Analysed data demonstrated an improvement in children's behavior participating in the programme.     

西沙永乐群岛岛礁海岸线变迁监测与分析

我国对南海诸岛及其附近海域拥有神圣不可侵犯的主权,珊瑚岛礁的开发、利用与保护,具有重要的战略价值。研究充分利用遥感影像宏观、快速、直观等优势,通过自动化识别与人机交互解译相结合的方法,对西沙永乐群岛岛礁岸线变迁情况进行变化监测。结果表明研究区内存在珊瑚礁岸线、基岩岸线和人工岸线三类岸线类型,以珊瑚礁岸线为主。通过对各岛礁在不同时期海岸线变迁的幅度与速度情况进行对比分析,发现珊瑚礁岸线变迁幅度最为剧烈,主要受自然因素影响,淤涨与侵蚀变迁交替作用,该类岸线处于一种不稳定的状态,其淤涨速率在不同时期不同岸段差异较大;其次为人工岸线,随着海岛的开发建设日益频繁,对土地的需求量不断增加,填海造地速度与幅度也大大增加;基岩岸线基本无变化,相对稳定。     

Coastal issues for oceanic islands: implications for human futures

Compared to continental areas, most islands have exceptionally long coastlines relative to their total land area. For this reason, islands are uncommonly vulnerable to problems associated with coasts. The future of the human inhabitants of many island states depends intrinsically on the sustainable management of their coasts, a challenge which grows more pressing as island populations increase and the associated demands on island coastlines change and grow. These issues are presented and discussed in this article. The mechanics of the sustainable management of island coasts is itself an important issue. At the national or local level, management is plagued by problems of insufficient and/or imprecise data and understanding that may lead to inappropriate solutions that even exacerbate the problems they are intended to solve. At an inter-governmental or international level, problems associated with the understanding of island environments need to be resolved before optimal management strategies can be developed. This article presents a brief explanation of the nature of coastal vulnerability on oceanic islands, followed by a discussion of several key problems associated with their sustainable development and the role of human and non-human factors in recent environmental change. It discusses the future of oceanic island coasts in the face of both internal and external threats to their sustainable management. It concludes with a blueprint for their survival.