成渝经济区森林碳储量动态及空间格局特征

以GIS为支撑,以成渝经济区的空间关系、自然环境和社会环境为基础,分析2000—2007年森林碳储量的动态和空间格局.结果表明:①2000—2007年森林碳储量从3.39×108 t增至3.59×108 t,年均增长率为0.72%,区域碳汇能力逐渐增强.②各生态功能区森林碳储量变化不同,经济发达地区碳储量增长更为缓慢.③森林碳储量在各高程等级均有所增加,其中海拔在500～1 000 m的区域增长最快,海拔≥3 000 m的区域增长最慢;坡度为25～35°的区域增长最快,≥35°的区域增长最慢.④森林碳储量除在人口密度≥1 000人/km2的区域呈缓慢减少的趋势外,在其他区域均呈增加趋势,其中人口密度在250～500人/km2的区域增长最快.⑤同一年内森林碳储量呈现出随GDP增加而逐渐减少的趋势;年际间,各GDP等级内碳储量均呈增加趋势,其中在GDP为2.5×106～5.0×106元/km2的区域增长最快.     

南京市城区环境空气中总悬浮颗粒物的源解析

应用受体模式的化学质量平衡法（ＣＭＢ）,对南京市城区７个环境监测点环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物（ＴＳＰ）进行污染源的源解析,得出４类主要污染源对ＴＳＰ的平均贡献率,建筑尘３９．８％、煤烟尘２５．７％,土壤尘１９．２％,冶炼尘１．８％,同时,对该市城区的地面尘也进行了源解析,表明地面尘与环境中ＴＳＰ的构成相近。     

A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts,Models, and Implementation

Although a number of comprehensive reviews have examined global ecosystem services (ES), few have focused on studies that assess urban ecosystem services (UES). Given that more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, understanding the dualism of the provision of and need for UES is of critical importance. Which UES are the focus of research, and what types of urban land use are examined? Are models or decision support systems used to assess the provision of UES? Are trade-offs considered? Do studies of UES engage stakeholders? To address these questions, we analyzed 217 papers derived from an ISI Web of Knowledge search using a set of standardized criteria. The results indicate that most UES studies have been undertaken in Europe, North America, and China, at city scale. Assessment methods involve bio-physical models, Geographical Information Systems, and valuation, but few study findings have been implemented as land use policy.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0504-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

中国海峡西岸城市群冬季PM2.5和PM10中水溶性离子的污染特征

为了研究中国海峡西岸城市群冬季大气颗粒物水溶性离子的污染特征,采集该区域8个城市共14个采样点位(包含1个背景点)的PM2.5和PM2.5~10样品,采用离子色谱分析F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、K+、NH4+、Ca2+和Mg2+ 9种水溶性离子的质量浓度.结果表明,海峡西岸城市群冬季大气颗粒物污染严重,PM2.5和PM10的日均值分别为89.65,135.65μg/m3,PM2.5占PM10的66.1%.城区水溶性无机离子主要集中在PM2.5上,其浓度分布存在空间差异,温州地区水溶性无机离子浓度处于较高水平;SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是水溶性无机离子的主要贡献者,其占PM2.5 中水溶性离子总量的79.6%~89.0%,占PM10的74.2%~83.4%.由于受冬季季风的影响,该区域非海盐离子对水溶性无机离子的贡献较大.NO3-/SO42-的质量浓度比显示,冬季海峡西岸城市群已处于机动车污染与燃煤污染并存的复合型污染状态.     

系统动力学在空港区域规划环境影响评价中的应用

作为机场与城市间的过渡区,空港区域具有经济-社会-环境发展影响因素众多、变化快的特征.针对此,本文基于空港区域系统动力学模拟模型,结合类比法和情景分析法,用于空港区域不同发展方案的经济、社会、环境影响预测和评价.具体步骤包括:发展分析-影响识别-模型构建-零方案/规划方案模拟-替代方案设计-减缓措施,各步骤间动态反馈.对郑州航空港区进行案例研究,结果表明,相较于零方案,规划方案具有经济社会发展优、污染排放少的优点,但仍无法满足环境容量要求;设计了3种替代情景方案,据此提出产业结构优化、能源结构调整等减缓措施.     

京津冀城市群环境规制强度与城镇化质量的协调性分析

城镇化与生态环境之间存在复杂的非线性耦合关系,而环境规制作为人类对环境的主动调节行为,能够对城镇化与生态环境间的协调关系产生积极影响。论文以京津冀城市群13个地级以上城市为例,以成本-效益理论和效率-水平理论为基础,分别构建环境规制强度和城镇化质量评价指标体系,结果发现：京津冀城市群环境规制强度和城镇化质量在时空格局上呈现高度吻合,两者均以京津为双峰值点,并向南北两翼梯度递减。之后,采用象限图分类识别方法对京津冀城市群环境规制强度和城镇化质量协调类型进行划分,从而判断两者协调性状况及时空演变特征,结论如下：1）京津冀城市群环境规制在一定程度上促进了城镇化质量的提升,两者相关系数为0.82,但环境规制强度和城镇化质量不协调状态同样显著,两者基本协调的样本数仅占样本总数的13%,说明正处于初级协同阶段;2）京津冀城市群环境规制强度和城镇化质量整体水平偏低,达到高水平的城市仅有北京市和天津市,但两者整体水平增强态势显著,石家庄市、唐山市等次级中心城市,以及秦皇岛市、沧州市等经济较发达城市已由低水平步入中等水平;3）京津冀城市群环境规制强度和城镇化质量协调性呈现圈层状空间格局,主要分为核心圈层、中间圈层和外围圈层3个圈层,且核心圈层协调性优于中间圈层,再优于外围圈层。     

Estimation and validation of PM2.5/PM10 exhaust and non-exhaust emission factors for practical street pollution modelling

In order to carry out efficient traffic and air quality management, validated models and PM emission estimates are needed. This paper compares current available emission factor estimates for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from emission databases and different emission models, and validates these against eight high quality street pollution measurements in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria.The data sets show large variation of the PM concentration and emission factors with season and with location. Consistently at all roads the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emission factors are lower in the summer month than the rest of the year. For example, PM₁₀ emission factors are in average 5–45% lower during the month 6–10 compared to the annual average.The range of observed total emission factors (including non-exhaust emissions) for the different sites during summer conditions are 80–130 mg km⁻¹ for PM₁₀, 30–60 mg km⁻¹ for PM_2.5 and 20–50 mg km⁻¹ for the exhaust emissions.We present two different strategies regarding modelling of PM emissions: (1) For Nordic conditions with strong seasonal variations due to studded tyres and the use of sand/salt as anti-skid treatment a time varying emission model is needed. An empirical model accounting for these Nordic conditions was previously developed in Sweden. (2) For other roads with a less pronounced seasonal variation (e.g. in Denmark, Germany, Austria) methods using a constant emission factor maybe appropriate. Two models are presented here.Further, we apply the different emission models to data sets outside the original countries. For example, we apply the “Swedish” model for two streets without studded tyre usage and the “German” model for Nordic data sets. The “Swedish” empirical model performs best for streets with studded tyre use, but was not able to improve the correlation versus measurements in comparison to using constant emission factors for the Danish side. The “German” method performed well for the streets without clear seasonal variation and reproduces the summer conditions for streets with pronounced seasonal variation. However, the seasonal variation of PM emission factors can be important even for countries not using studded tyres, e.g. in areas with cold weather and snow events using sand and de-icing materials. Here a constant emission factor probably will under-estimate the 90-percentiles and therefore a time varying emission model need to be used or developed for such areas.All emission factor models consistently indicate that a large part (about 50–85% depending on the location) of the total PM₁₀ emissions originates from non-exhaust emissions. This implies that reduction measures for the exhaust part of the vehicle emissions will only have a limited effect on ambient PM₁₀ levels.     

复合工程系统灾害反应分析与系统控制

防灾工程研究正在循着结构、系统、复合工程系统的轨迹向前迈进。本文综述了复合工程系统灾害反应分析方法与灾场系统控制的研究进展。着重介绍了离散事件动态系统的基本方法及其在复合工程系统地震灾害研究中的应用。指出了这一方向近期内的可能进展。     

沈阳城市可持续发展水平的生态足迹分析

城市地域的可持续发展必须以生态的可持续发展为前提,而生态足迹计算模型可以通过比较人类对生态环境的影响程度与区域生态承栽力之间的平衡程度来衡量的生态可持续发展状态。本文在介绍生态足迹的理论和计算模型的基础之上,对沈阳市2002年的生态可持续发展状态进行了实例计算和分析,结果表明沈阳市2002年的人均生态赤字为1．21hm^2,其城市生态处于非可持续发展状态,城市发展正以消耗自身生态资源和转移生态压力作为代价。