黄土高原丘陵沟壑区脆弱农业生态系统服务评价——以安塞县为例

论文以典型黄土高原丘陵沟壑区安塞县为例,运用市场价值法、替代工程法、影子价格法、机会成本法等方法对其境内7种不同类型农业生态系统的保持土壤(Es)、涵养水分(Ew)、固定CO²和释放O²(Ea)、维持营养物质循环(En)、净化环境(Ee)等服务功能进行了价值核算,初步估算出安塞县生态系统各服务功能的价值总量为3169870.46×10⁴元,是其农林产品服务价值(Vp)的170倍。这一方面表明脆弱生态系统依然担当了重要的生态系统服务功能,为其经济生产力提供了巨大的生态服务。各种服务价值的大小依次为En(占89.85%)、Ew(占4.39%)、Ea(占4.18%)、Vp(占0.58%)、Es(占0.81%)、Ee(占0.18%)。另一方面也充分反映出在该地区“生态生产力”与“经济生产力”严重失衡。     

黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及氮素消耗研究

为掌握苜蓿连续种植多年土壤干层的形成规律及氮素的消耗规律,促进黄土高原地区苜蓿草地合理施肥及草田轮作,论文系统研究了3年、4年、6年、12年、14年、18年及26年生紫花苜蓿草地土壤干层及氮素的消耗。结果表明:黄土高原地区土壤干层可分为轻度干层（9~11%）、中度干层（7~9%）、重度干层（<7%）三级。荒地在80~100cm土层,出现轻度干层;苜蓿草地土壤干层出现的区域为140~600cm土层,随生长年限的延长,土壤干层厚度向下延伸,干化程度加剧,苜蓿生长至12年,出现中度干层,干层范围达到500cm土层。不同生长年限苜蓿草地土壤碱解氮含量呈现规律性的变化,即随土层深度的增加,碱解氮含量下降,300cm土层以下,变化趋势平缓;苜蓿生长至26年,0~200cm土壤上层的氮素有一定恢复,而200~1000cm深层土壤氮素难以恢复。研究表明,在黄土高原半湿润区紫花苜蓿生长6年以后,应对苜蓿草地进行合理施肥,实施粮草轮作,以维持土壤氮素平衡,持续提高土地生产力水平。     

黄土高原植被演替不同阶段植物系数的变化与适应性评价

用4年长期定位试验资料,利用植物系数、蒸散量、土壤含水量和土壤水分对植物的有效性等指标,研究了黄土高原植被群落不同演替阶段(草本群落→灌木群落→早期森林群落→顶级群落)的耗水特性与生态适应性。结果表明:不同演替阶段,群落实际蒸散量主要受降水控制,群落间差异不显著(P＞0.05);土壤含水量是早期森林群落明显高于其它群落,草本群落明显高于灌木群落(P＜0.05);植物系数是灌木群落＞草本群落＞乔木群落,而顶级群落大于早期森林群落;土壤水分对植物的有效性是早期森林和顶级群落明显高于草本和灌木群落(P＜0.05)。因此,进行植被建设不但要考虑植物系数还要考虑土壤水分对不同植物的有效性。     

黄土高原典型土壤有机碳和微生物碳分布特征的研究

以阐明黄土高原典型区域土壤有机碳(SOC)含量和储量及微生物碳(Mc)含量随土壤类型、土层和土地利用方式变异规律为目的,研究了从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨凌)等典型土壤的SOC含量和储量及Mc含量的变化特征。结果表明,不同土壤类型、不同土层SOC和Mc含量存在显著差异。同一土壤类型SOC和Mc含量在0～60cm随土层深度增加下降很明显,60～120cm土层有轻微下降,120cm土层以下低而稳定,同层次土壤从南到北,SOC、Mc和SOC储量含量显著下降,均以土垫旱耕人为土最高,黄土正常新成土次之,干润砂质新成土最低,且差异显著(P<0.05);0～200cm土层SOC总储量也沿土垫旱耕人为土(102.23±30.12t/hm²)、黄土正常新成土(67.78±9.23t/hm²)、干润砂质新成土(27.07±4.59t/hm²)依次下降;土垫旱耕人为土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土在100～200cm土层SOC累积量分别是0～100cm土层的65%、74%和58%,因此在研究黄土高原SOC贮量时必需考虑深层贮量的贡献。Mc随土壤类型的变化趋势与SOC基本相同,与SOC间存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);土壤Mc/SOC比值范围为0.005～0.05,土地利用仅对干润砂质新成土和土垫旱耕人为土SOC含量和储量影响显著(P>0.05),但对3种土壤Mc和Mc/SOC比值均产生显著影响;与农田土壤相比,草地土壤Mc和Mc/SOC比值均明显增加,这一结果说明用Mc和Mc/SOC比值更能有效反映土壤质量的变化。     

Orchid conservation in the biodiversity hotspot of southwestern China

Xishuangbanna is on the northern margins of tropical Asia in southwestern China and has the largest area of tropical forest remaining in the country. It is in the Indo‐Burma hotspot and contains 16% of China's vascular flora in <0.2% of the country's total area (19,690 km²). Rapid expansion of monoculture crops in the last 20 years, particularly rubber, threatens this region's exceptional biodiversity. To understand the effects of land‐use change and collection on orchid species diversity and determine protection priorities, we conducted systematic field surveys, observed markets, interviewed orchid collectors, and then determined the conservation status of all orchids. We identified 426 orchid species in 115 genera in Xishuangbanna: 31% of all orchid species that occur in China. Species richness was highest at 1000–1200 m elevation. Three orchid species were assessed as possibly extinct in the wild, 15 as critically endangered, 82 as endangered, 124 as vulnerable, 186 as least concern, and 16 as data deficient. Declines over 20 years in harvested species suggested over‐collection was the major threat, and utility value (i.e., medicinal or ornamental value) was significantly related to endangerment. Expansion of rubber tree plantations was less of a threat to orchids than to other taxa because only 75 orchid species (17.6%) occurred below the 1000‐m‐elevation ceiling for rubber cultivation, and most of these (46) occurred in nature reserves. However, climate change is projected to lift this ceiling to around 1300 m by 2050, and the limited area at higher elevations reduces the potential for upslope range expansion. The Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden is committed to achieving zero plant extinctions in Xishuangbanna, and orchids are a high priority. Appropriate in and ex situ conservation strategies, including new protected areas and seed banking, have been developed for every threatened orchid species and are being implemented.     

The imperiled fish fauna in the Nicaragua Canal zone

Large‐scale infrastructure projects commonly have large effects on the environment. The planned construction of the Nicaragua Canal will irreversibly alter the aquatic environment of Nicaragua in many ways. Two distinct drainage basins (San Juan and Punta Gorda) will be connected and numerous ecosystems will be altered. Considering the project's far‐reaching environmental effects, too few studies on biodiversity have been performed to date. This limits provision of robust environmental impact assessments. We explored the geographic distribution of taxonomic and genetic diversity of freshwater fish species (Poecilia spp., Amatitlania siquia, Hypsophrys nematopus, Brycon guatemalensis, and Roeboides bouchellei) across the Nicaragua Canal zone. We collected population samples in affected areas (San Juan, Punta Gorda, and Escondido drainage basins), investigated species composition of 2 drainage basins and performed genetic analyses (genetic diversity, analysis of molecular variance) based on mitochondrial cytb. Freshwater fish faunas differed substantially between drainage basins (Jaccard similarity = 0.33). Most populations from distinct drainage basins were genetically differentiated. Removing the geographic barrier between these basins will promote biotic homogenization and the loss of unique genetic diversity. We found species in areas where they were not known to exist, including an undescribed, highly distinct clade of live bearing fish (Poecilia). Our results indicate that the Nicaragua Canal likely will have strong impacts on Nicaragua's freshwater biodiversity. However, knowledge about the extent of these impacts is lacking, which highlights the need for more thorough investigations before the environment is altered irreversibly.     

青藏高原表土重金属污染评价与来源解析

为了解青藏高原表层土壤重金属的污染特征、空间分布及污染来源,沿东北-西南方向对青藏高原表土(0～20 cm)样品进行了采集,对土壤中的Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sc和Zn等13种重金属总量进行了分析,并利用主成分分析-绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归(PCA-APCS-MLR)受体模型初步定量解析了重金属的潜在来源.结果表明Cd和Sb均显著超标,分别是20世纪70年代青藏高原土壤背景值的2. 13与1. 52倍.富集因子(EF)、地累积指数(I_(geo))和Nemero综合指数(PN)分析同样表明青藏高原表土主要以Cd和Sb污染为主,但污染程度普遍不高.在空间分布方面,青藏高原中部、东南部及东北部均呈不同程度污染,但中部及东南部污染相对较重. PCA-APCS-MLR分析表明,青藏高原土壤重金属主要有3个来源,分别为自然、交通和采矿等综合因素. Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni和Sc主要受自然因素影响,Ba、Cd、Mo和Pb主要受交通因素影响,Zn主要受自然和交通因素共同影响,Sb主要受采矿、自然和交通等综合因素影响.青藏高原土壤重金属污染防治过程中应着重考虑受交通、采矿等综合因素影响下的Cd和Sb污染.     

黄土高原高浑浊水体CDOM光学特性及影响因素

为确定黄土高原地区高浑浊水体有色溶解有机物(CDOM)组成来源及研究环境因素对其的影响,本文基于2018年5月陕蒙黄土高原地区河流与湖泊(咸水湖和淡水湖)的实测数据对CDOM光学吸收特性,各组分对水体吸收的贡献,光谱斜率S_(275～295)及水质参数与CDOM光学特征参数的相关性进行分析.结果表明,陕蒙黄土高原区河湖CDOM吸收光学特性差异显著(P0.01),湖泊CDOM吸收系数a_(CDOM)(440)(8.45 m~(-1))高于河流(2.70 m~(-1)),咸水湖CDOM浓度(13.52 m~(-1))高于淡水湖(3.38 m~(-1)),淡水湖对光的有效利用率高于咸水湖和浑浊河流.河流与湖泊、咸淡水湖之间酸碱度(pH)和溶解有机碳(DOC)差异均呈显著水平(P0.01);河湖水体电导率(EC)、浊度(Tur)和总悬浮物浓度(TSM)差异显著;排除极大值点,咸水湖与淡水湖叶绿素a(Chla)相接近.基于S_(275～295)分析发现,湖泊CDOM分子量小于河流,咸水湖分子量小于淡水湖;由SUVA_(254)得出,河流陆源腐殖质输入比湖泊多,淡水湖陆源腐殖质输入较咸水湖多.通过冗余分析(RDA)发现,河流与湖泊水质参数累积方差解释率分别为35.2%和61.4%,咸淡水湖均达到100%;溶解氧(DO)、水温和EC对河流CDOM光学特性影响较大(P0.01),而DOC、 TSM和Tur对湖泊CDOM光学特性影响较大(P0.01);咸水湖水体中DOC以及淡水湖水体的pH与CDOM吸收系数相关性较强(P0.05).     

云南藏区旅游生态安全及其防控研究

介绍了以香格里拉为核心区的云南藏区在发展旅游的过程中带来的一系列的生态环境问题,如固体垃圾增加、水污染加剧、噪声污染日趋突出和土壤质地遭到破坏等。对其进行梳理并提出针对性的措施。     

加大云南省环评市场培育力度以促进环评行业良性发展的建议

“十二五”期间云南省经济发展战略对环评行业提出了更高的要求,但云南省环评从业人员较少、环评机构内部体系建设不完善、环评市场运行机制体制不健全等现状严重地制约了环评行业的良性发展。为了更好地发挥环评对经济良性发展的“杀手锏”、“控制阀”、“调节器”作用,必须采取系统的解决方案,加大市场培育力度,理顺环评市场中各利益方关系,建立健全环评市场监督机制,有效提高环评质量,确保环评有效性和公正性,提升环评应对特定时期社会发展迫切需求的及时性和相应力度。