青藏高原铁路沿线雪崩危险度评价方法

简要介绍了 3条进藏铁路的主要雪害 ,指出雪崩危险度评价对铁路选线和配置防护雪害设施有重要意义。青藏铁路的雪害主要是风吹雪 ,滇藏、川藏铁路的雪害主要是雪崩。雪崩的形成和发生的必要条件是一定深度的积雪和一定范围的坡度。笔者通过理论计算得出积雪的临界厚度和山坡的临界安全角度。在分析影响雪崩的主要因素的基础上 ,利用模糊归一化方法来评价雪崩的发生危险度 ,并引用国外方法来计算雪崩达到某点的概率。最后 ,指出雪崩评价方法需要改进之处和铁路选线时应注意的问题。     

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Intensive cropping systems based on mechanical movement of soil have induced land degradation in most agricultural areas due to soil erosion and soil fertility losses. Thus, farmers have been increasing fertilization rates to maintain an economically competitive crop yield. This practice has resulted in water quality degradation and lake eutrophication in many agricultural watersheds. Research was conducted in the Patzcuaro watershed in central Mexico to develop appropriate technology that prevents nonpoint source pollution from fertilizers. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) losses in runoff and nitrate (NO₃‐N) percolation in Andisols with corn under conventional till (CT) and no‐till (NT) treatments using variable percentages of crop residue as soil cover were investigated for steep‐slope agriculture. USLE type runoff plots were used to collect water runoff, while suction tubes with porous caps at 30, 60, and 90 cm depth were used to sample soil water solutes for NO₃‐N analyses. Results indicated a significant reduction of N and OM losses in runoff as residue cover increased in the NT treatments. Inorganic N in runoff was 25 kg/ha for NT without residue cover (NT‐0) and 6 kg/ha for the NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). Organic matter losses in runoff were 157 and 24 kg/ha for the NT‐0 and NT‐100 treatments, respectively. Nitrate‐N percolation was evident in CT and NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). However, NT‐100 had higher NO₃‐N concentration at the root zone, suggesting the possibility of reducing fertilization rates with the use of NT treatments.     

2004.7.20云南盈江滑坡泥石流山洪灾害成因及减灾对策

云南省德宏州盈江县位于横断山区西南部.2004年7月18日～19日,该县北部的的支那、盏西、芒璋等地遭受特大暴雨袭击,引起7.20滑坡泥石流山洪灾害,造成59人死亡失踪和15 857万元财产损失.60年一遇、19小时186.2mm的特大暴雨,是该次滑坡泥石流山洪灾害形成的根本原因.针对灾害的特征、现状和发展趋势,提出了拟采取的减灾措施.     

Interactions between Carbon Sequestration and Shade Tree Diversity in a Smallholder Coffee Cooperative in El Salvador

Agroforestry systems have substantial potential to conserve native biodiversity and provide ecosystem services. In particular, agroforestry systems have the potential to conserve native tree diversity and sequester carbon for climate change mitigation. However, little research has been conducted on the temporal stability of species diversity and aboveground carbon stocks in these systems or the relation between species diversity and aboveground carbon sequestration. We measured changes in shade‐tree diversity and shade‐tree carbon stocks in 14 plots of a 35‐ha coffee cooperative over 9 years and analyzed relations between species diversity and carbon sequestration. Carbon sequestration was positively correlated with initial species richness of shade trees. Species diversity of shade trees did not change significantly over the study period, but carbon stocks increased due to tree growth. Our results show a potential for carbon sequestration and long‐term biodiversity conservation in smallholder coffee agroforestry systems and illustrate the opportunity for synergies between biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. Interacciones entre el Secuestro de Carbono y la Diversidad de Árboles de Sombra en una Cooperativa de Café de Pequeños Agricultores en El Salvador     

陕北黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤碳剖面分布特征

黄土高原土层深厚,土壤剖面碳存储受土地利用方式影响明显.为探讨不同土地利用方式对深层土壤碳分布的影响,研究了人工经济林地(陕北米脂)、退耕还林地(神木)和防风固沙林地(榆林榆阳区)0~20.0 m土壤有机碳(SOC)和无机碳(SIC)的分布特征和差异.结果表明,在不同土地利用方式下SOC含量:矮化枣树(2.00 g·kg~(-1))未矮化枣树(1.54 g·kg~(-1))柠条林(0.97 g·kg~(-1))退化人工草地(0.81 g·kg~(-1))樟子松林(0.70 g·kg~(-1))荒草地(0.45 g·kg~(-1)),且各剖面之间SOC含量存在显著性差异(P0.05).在不同土地利用方式下SIC含量:矮化枣树(11.66 g·kg~(-1))≥未矮化枣树(11.59g·kg~(-1))柠条林(9.62 g·kg~(-1))退化人工草地(8.07 g·kg~(-1))樟子松林(4.32 g·kg~(-1))荒草地(0.47 g·kg~(-1));人工经济林和退耕还林(草)样地内所有土壤剖面之间SIC含量无显著性差异;人工经济林、退耕还林(草)剖面和防风固沙林地剖面SIC含量存在显著性差异(P0.05).矮化枣树、未矮化枣树、柠条林、退化人工草地、樟子松林和荒草地土壤剖面无机碳密度分别是有机碳密度的6.19、7.71、10.80、10.78、5.91和1.03倍.综上可见,不同土地利用方式之间土壤碳储量存在明显差异,无机碳的含量远高于有机碳.     

Pseudomonas sp. ZXY-1, a newly isolated and highly efficient atrazine-degrading bacterium, and optimization of biodegradation using response surface methodology

Atrazine, a widely used herbicide, is increasing the agricultural production effectively, while also causing great environmental concern. Efficient atrazine-degrading bacterium is necessary to removal atrazine rapidly to keep a safe environment. In the present study, a new atrazine-degrading strain ZXY-1, identified as Pseudomonas, was isolated. This new isolated strain has a strong ability to biodegrade atrazine with a high efficiency of 9.09 mg/L/hr.Temperature, p H, inoculum size and initial atrazine concentration were examined to further optimize the degradation of atrazine, and the synthetic effect of these factors were investigated by the response surface methodology. With a high quadratic polynomial mathematical model(R~2= 0.9821) being obtained, the highest biodegradation efficiency of 19.03 mg/L/hr was reached compared to previous reports under the optimal conditions(30.71°C, pH 7.14, 4.23%(V/V) inoculum size and 157.1 mg/L initial atrazine concentration).Overall, this study provided an efficient bacterium and approach that could be potentially useful for the bioremediation of wastewater containing atrazine.     

浅议云南省公路养护与环境保护对策

对公路养护施工中产生的环境影响进行了分析,提出了缓解措施和加强施工管理的建议。     

青藏高原北部库赛湖沉积柱中长链烯酮的分布特征及古环境意义

长链烯酮不饱和度指标U37K或U37K′已被广泛应用于古海洋表层水温的重建,但用于恢复湖泊古温度的研究则相对很少。本文以青藏高原北部咸水湖泊库赛湖作为研究对象,对湖心一个5m沉积柱中的长链烯酮进行了测定分析,并通过分子生物学手段确定了其母源。结果表明该沉积柱的大部分层位存在长链烯酮,其C37/C38<1;DNA测序结果表明库赛湖中的定鞭藻为Isochrysis属,为长链烯酮的母源。根据已发表文献中的湖泊环境中长链烯酮不饱和度指标U37K与温度的经验公式估算出的古湖水温度接近于实测的现代夏季水温,且与甘油二烷基甘油四醚(Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers,GDGT)重建的库赛湖古湖水温度范围基本一致。但是,用长链烯酮恢复的古湖水温度总体上稍高于由GDGT计算出的温度且波动更为强烈,这可能与这两种脂类的母源生物在湖中的栖息层位不同有关。     

基于GIS的云南省生态系统评价模型关键技术研究

以建立云南省生态系统评价计算机软件系统为背景,通过指标体系模型、数据组织模型和功能模块数据流模型等关键技术的分析,并基于GIS理论设计了生态系统评价软件模型的总体框架,为计算机软件系统的编程实现提供了方法和依据。     

青藏高原东北部更尕海沉积软体动物壳体同位素初步研究

文章通过建立更尕海湖泊沉积岩芯软体动物化石属种组合,对比分析了软体动物壳体碳氧同位素的种内、种间变化。结果显示,壳体氧同位素种内变化较小,通常小于0.3‰;相同属不同种的壳体氧同位素种间差异约为0.3‰,但较相同属种的波动幅度大:不同属种的壳体氧同位素的种间差异最大,且波动幅度更大一些。壳体碳同位素的种内和种间差异均较氧同位素大,尤其是碳同位素的种间差异更为显著,可能与软体动物的"生命效应"有关。合理评价软体动物壳体同位素种内和种间变化对于理解软体动物壳体同位素所记录的气候变化具有重要的意义。