鄂尔多斯市城市道路交通噪声的现状分析及防治对策——以东胜区为例

通过分析鄂尔多斯市2007—2010年东胜区道路交通噪声污染现状,指出存在的主要问题,提出了相应的污染控制及防治措施,为有效改善城市道路交通噪声污染提供科学依据。     

Characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China

To understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China, total suspended particulate(TSP) and PM10samples were collected in cities of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan from December 2011 to January 2012, and heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Cr, and As were analyzed. It shows that the average TSP concentration in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan were(183 ± 73),(201 ± 84) and(190 ± 66) μg/m3respectively, and the average PM10 were(171 ± 82),(178 ± 65) and(179 ± 55) μg/m3respectively. The lowest TSP and PM10concentrations occurred at the background Shaping site of Changsha. The average ratio of ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP) was 91.9%, ranging from 81.3% to 98.9%. Concerning heavy metals, in TSP samples, the concentration of Cr, As, Cd and Pb were 28.8–56.5, 18.1–76.3, 3.9–26.1 and 148.0–460.9 ng/m3, respectively, while in PM10samples, were 16.4–42.1, 15.5–67.9, 3.3–22.2 and 127.9–389.3 ng/m3, respectively. The enrichment factor of Cd was the highest, followed by Pb and As, while that of Cr was the lowest.     

乌鲁木齐水污染现状与防治对策研究

本文将对乌鲁木齐地区水污染的现状、水污染的主要因素以及水污染的途径加以描述和分析,并提出可行的防治措施.     

山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷研究

为了解山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷效应,对山城重庆的8场暴雨进行了径流全过程监测,并与平原城市作了对比分析.结果表明:TSS(总悬浮物)、COD和TP来自城市交通干道的贡献较混凝土屋面大,而TN、NH3-N两者相当;对于重金属,除Cd外,城市交通干道重金属的EMC(Event Mean Concentration)值均高于混凝土屋面.城市交通干道,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了53%±16%TSS,66%±10%COD,59%±2%TN,58%±2%NH3-N,51%±5%TP;而混凝土屋面,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了64%±20%TSS,66%±17%COD,55%±14%TN,52%±14%NH3-N,56%±3%TP,建议两类硬化下垫面至少以初期40%的暴雨径流作为控制量.与平原城市相比,山地城市交通干道初期40%的暴雨径流携带污染负荷TSS与COD的比例比平原城市分别高出16%和22%,初期冲刷效应更加明显.     

微纳米气泡改善杭州城市河道水生态环境的工程应用研究

于2013年4月至6月在杭州城市河道对微纳米气泡改善河道水生态环境进行了持续的原位监测实验.结果表明,与对照区相比,试验区水体温度平均升高0.7℃,pH增大0.2,溶解氧增加1.0 mg/L,而TDS浓度降低42 mg/L;水质污染指标高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮、总磷平均浓度分别降低了8.45 mg/L、6.78 mg/L、8.90 mg/L和0.58 mg/L.由此可推测微纳米气泡在一定程度上能有效净化水质,为恢复良好水生生态环境提供新的方法和技术手段.     

基于AHP-PSR模型的低碳城市评价方法与实证研究——以福建省为例

借鉴"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型的理论内涵,构建了低碳城市评价指标体系框架,同时采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标权重,建立了低碳城市定量评价方法,并应用于对2012年福建省9个城市进行低碳城市建设水平的评价。结果表明,厦门市已达到低碳城市建设成熟阶段,福州、泉州、漳州、宁德、莆田5个城市处于建设中期,龙岩、三明和南平3个城市尚停留在建设初期,福建省没有建设滞后的城市,低碳城市建设水平总体较好。     

“十一五”期间太原市环境空气质量及影响因素分析研究

依据太原市环境空气质量监测数据,采用Daniel趋势检验法,综合污染指数法和回归分析法研究了“十一五”期间太原市的环境质量变化趋势和影响因素.结果表明,从年均浓度值分析来看,除NO2外,SO2和PM10都存在超标现象,长期来看,三种污染物浓度下降趋势明显,这与太原市环境保护行动密切相关.月际间浓度值差异除PM10在春季出现波动外,SO2和NO2均呈现“U”型曲线,这种规律与气象条件密切相关.三种主要大气污染物污染指数都有所下降,但太原市区空气污染仍以SO2和PM10为主,说明烟煤型污染的空气污染特征没有改变.主要大气污染物的空间浓度分布不均与地形和气象特征以及城市布局和污染源排放有直接关系.太原市“十一五”期间大气环境质量整体改善,但形势依然严峻.     

大连星海地区环境空气中挥发性有机物的臭氧生成潜势研究

以该实验的观测资料为基础,通过数据分析表明,对大连星海地区OH自由基消耗的主要环境VOCs组分是烯烃类物质,对O3生成潜势贡献最高的环境VOCs组分是芳香烃类物质;综合LiOH及OFP值评价,识别影响大连星海地区O3生成的关键环境VOCs反应活性物种为丙烯、甲苯、间对二甲苯等物质。     

城市地质灾害及对策

城市地质灾害是随着城市化快速进程中的一种自然与人为作用下的新型地质灾害。本文通过对城市直下型地震、地面塌陷与沉降、滑坡、人为堆积 -垃圾地质作用、海侵等地质灾害的综合分析 ,归纳出城市地质灾害的成灾原因 ,提出防治对策     

Income and distance-decay effects on willingness to pay estimated by the contingent valuation method

This study suggests a methodology for enhancing accuracy in evaluating amenity by the contingent valuation method when household's willingness to pay (WTP) is dependent to its income and the distance between a respondent's residence and the location of a target facility. Using a linear city model, this study demonstrates the influences of income and distance-decay effects on WTP. Simulations are performed to check the validity of the model, as well as to predict consequences when income and distance-decay effects are not properly treated. Finally, the suggested methodology is applied to two real cases. The estimation results from a structural model show that the calculated total benefit varies largely when income and distance-decay effects exist and are ignored. Also, an ad hoc model generates significantly different estimates from the utility difference model this study adopted. The difference in estimates suggests that the total benefit has to be estimated by a structural model.